Channel Title: Energy Encyclopedia Channel Description: EnergyEncyclopedia.com is the educational web page dedicated to perspective forms of energy production. You will find many educational 3D interactive models, 3D models of energetics objects for 3D printing, educational videos. Everything on the Energy Encyclopedia is for free. For educational purposes no licenses limitations. <video> BWR Nuclear Power Plant - How it works? Description: Explore full 3D model online at https://3d.energyencyclopedia.com/npp-bwr/ *************************************************** The Boiling Water Reactor is a large steel vessel partially filled with water. During operation, the upper part is full of steam. The core with nuclear fuel is located in the lower part of the reactor. Control rods with a cruciform cross-section are inserted between the fuel bundles from below. When they are pulled out, the intensity of the fission reaction increases. The water constantly flowing through the core is heated. It boils directly in the reactor and produces steam. The steam is dried in moisture separators situated in the upper part of the reactor. The dry steam is led directly to the turbine. The energy of the steam turns the turbine blades. After exiting the turbine, the steam is cooled, condensed into water in the condensers and returned to the reactor. Cooling is provided by cooling towers or by cooling water from the river or sea, if available. The turbine is on a common shaft with the electric generator. It spins and generates electricity. </video> <video> Wind Turbine - How it works? Description: Explore full 3D model online at https://3d.energyencyclopedia.com/wind-energy/ *************************************************** The turbine starts when minimum wind speed is achieved. This signal is supplied to the control unit by an anemometer. A directional sensor turns the nacelle into the wind. The angle of attack of the rotor blades is adjusted for the current wind speed. When the spindle brakes are released, the rotor starts turning. Mechanical energy is transferred through the gearbox to the generator. The generated electricity is transformed and then transmitted to the distribution network. </video> <video> Electric Generator - How it works? Description: Explore full 3D model online at https://3d.energyencyclopedia.com/npp-pwr/generator *************************************************** The electric generator is driven by a steam turbine with which it has a common shaft. Its rotating inner part is called the rotor. It contains a number of magnetic field coils whose movement creates a rotating magnetic field. Around the rotor is the stator, which consists of a series of stator coils. As the magnetic field of the rotor moves, it sequentially induces an electric current in the stator coils. Because the grid uses three-phase current, the electric generator has at least three pairs of stator coils, one for each phase, which generate phase-shifted alternating current. The electricity is led via encapsulated conductors to a transformer, where it is transformed to a voltage suitable for distribution through the grid. </video> <video> PWR Nuclear Power Plant - How it works? Description: Explore full 3D model online at https://3d.energyencyclopedia.com/npp-pwr/ *************************************************** The heart of every nuclear power plant is its reactor. A large steel vessel filled with water at a pressure of more than 15 MPa. The reactor core contains nuclear fuel assemblies. Pulling the control rods out of the core starts the fission reaction. The intense fission of uranium atoms produces heat that heats the water flowing around the fuel rods from the bottom of the reactor upwards. The water reaches a temperature of about 300 °C. The hot water from the reactor is fed into the steam generator. The interior of the steam generator is filled with water with lower pressure than in the primary circuit. Hot water from the reactor enters the lower part and flows through the steam generator in a bunch of thin tubes. The heat transferred through the walls of the tubes turns the water into steam. The steam is dried in two moisture separators and travels to the turbine. The energy of the steam is used to spin the turbine. The turbine is on a common shaft with the generator. The rotating generator produces alternating electric current, which is further transformed into a voltage suitable for distribution to the grid. </video> <video> Solar Energy Description: The sun is a giant sphere of hot hydrogen at the centre of our solar system. Inside it, thermonuclear fusion takes place, releasing huge amounts of energy. Lecture Solar Energy: https://www.energyencyclopedia.com/en/learning/renewable-energy-courses/3-6-solar-energy/lecture Other Renewable Energy Courses: https://www.energyencyclopedia.com/en/learning/renewable-energy-courses 0:00 Solar Energy 1:01 Greenhouse Effect 1:30 Solar Collectors 1:50 Passive solar systems 2:02 Active solar systems 2:10 Solar thermal power plants 2:35 Central tower solar power plant 3:07 Parabolic trough collector 3:25 Parabolic dish concentrator 3:57 Photovoltaic power plant 4:34 Pros and cons of solar energy </video> <video> Cooling Tower - How it works? Description: Explore full 3D model online at https://3d.energyencyclopedia.com/npp-pwr/cooling-tower *************************************************** Cooling towers are large hollow concrete structures in the shape of a hyperboloid. They can be found at most thermal power plants. The purpose of the cooling towers is to provide cooling for the water that condenses steam to water in the condensers at the turbine outlet. Their special shape allows them to use the chimney effect. Ambient air flowing through the tower provides cooling. At the base, air is drawn in through the gaps between the supporting concrete struts. The hot water is piped to the cooling tower and directed into channels located at the lower part of the tower. From there it is distributed into numerous sprinklers. The sprinklers create fine water droplets. As the drops fall, their surface evaporates, cooling them. To improve evaporation, droplets are falling on the fill. This is a structure with many vertical channels down which water runs while the air flow cools it. To prevent water droplets from being carried away by the vapour, there is a drift eliminator above the sprinklers on which the droplets precipitate and fall down again. All the cooled water will finally end up in the collection pool at the base of the tower. From there, it is drawn back into the cooling circuit. </video> <video> Hydropower Plant - How it works? Description: Explore full 3D model online at https://3d.energyencyclopedia.com/hydropower-plant/power-house *************************************************** The sluice gates are opened and the penstock conducts water to the turbine. There, the guide vanes direct it to the runner blades. The water transfers its energy to the blades, thus spinning the rotor. The electrical generator is connected to the turbine rotor with a common spindle. In the generator, mechanical energy is transformed into electricity, which is supplied to the grid. Pipes conduct water that has passed through the turbine to the bottom reservoir. The sluice gates are closed, stopping supply of water to the turbine. When the water stops flowing, the rotor and generator stop. Power generation stops and the turbine is disconnected from the electrical grid. </video> <video> Francis Turbine - How it works? Description: Explore full 3D model online at https://3d.energyencyclopedia.com/hydropower-plant/francis *************************************************** Water flows through the pressure feeder to the spiral casing. There, it is uniformly distributed along the entire circumference of the turbine. When the guide vanes are opened, the water enters the turbine. It passes through the runner, where it gives up its energy. After leaving the turbine the water is conducted to the bottom reservoir. In pumped-storage hydropower plants, the turbine can also operate as a pump </video> <video> ITER - Starting a Tokamak Description: Explore full 3D model online at https://3d.energyencyclopedia.com/tokamak/ *************************************************** The magnetic field in the ITER tokamak is generated by toroidal and poloidal magnetic coils. A small amount of hydrogen is than filled into the chamber. By ionising the hydrogen, a plasma is formed. It is initially heated by the current flowing through the plasma, which is generated by the central solenoid. The tokamak is equipped with external heating systems to provide further temperature rise. Plasma reaches temperatures of over 100 million degrees. Its purity is ensured by a divertor at the bottom of the chamber that drains impurities away. Thermonuclear fusion can proceed in the plasma for up to three thousand seconds. </video> <video> PWR Nuclear Power Plant - How it works? Description: Explore full 3D model online at https://3d.energyencyclopedia.com/npp-pwr/ *************************************************** The heart of every nuclear power plant is its reactor. A large steel vessel filled with water at a pressure of more than 15 MPa. The reactor core contains nuclear fuel assemblies. Pulling the control rods out of the core starts the fission reaction. The intense fission of uranium atoms produces heat that heats the water flowing around the fuel rods from the bottom of the reactor upwards. The water reaches a temperature of about 300 °C. The hot water from the reactor is fed into the steam generator. The interior of the steam generator is filled with water with lower pressure than in the primary circuit. Hot water from the reactor enters the lower part and flows through the steam generator in a bunch of thin tubes. The heat transferred through the walls of the tubes turns the water into steam. The steam is dried in two moisture separators and travels to the turbine. The energy of the steam is used to spin the turbine. The turbine is on a common shaft with the generator. The rotating generator produces alternating electric current, which is further transformed into a voltage suitable for distribution to the grid. </video> <video> Stellarator - Starting a stellarator Description: Explore full 3D model online at https://3d.energyencyclopedia.com/stellarator/ *************************************************** The stellarator chamber is surrounded by bizarrely twisted coils. Their shape is a result of complex computer calculations. All together they generate a helically twisted magnetic field that can be best imagined as a crumpled torus. The vacuum chamber has the same shape. When an ionised gas is injected into the chamber, the magnetic field will hold it inside and hot hydrogen plasma forms. Using external heating systems, the plasma can reach temperatures of many millions of degrees. </video> <video> Central Tower Solar Power Plant - How it works? Description: Explore full 3D model online at https://3d.energyencyclopedia.com/solar/tower *************************************************** Every day, after the sun rises, heliostats follow its position. Their mirrors reflect the rays to an absorber at the top of a tower. There, they heat a medium used to generate electricity. In the morning the heliostats return to their initial position and wait for the sun. </video> <video> Pumped Storage Hydropower Plant - How it works? Description: Explore full 3D model online at https://3d.energyencyclopedia.com/hydropower-plant *************************************************** In turbine mode, water flows through penstocks to the turbine. The duration of electricity generation depends on the usable flow of the turbines and the volume of the upper reservoir. In pump mode, water accumulates in the upper reservoir. Water is pumped upward via the same penstocks, just in the opposite direction. Turbine and pump modes alternate as needed. </video> <video> Kaplan Turbine - How it works? Description: Explore full 3D model online at https://3d.energyencyclopedia.com/hydropower-plant/kaplan *************************************************** The Kaplan turbine is ready for start-up. The channels between the guide vanes are opened using a central mechanism. The runner blades are adjusted to their optimum angle. Water is directed across the guide vanes to the runner blades. There, the water transfers its energy to the rotor and falls below the turbine. </video> <video> Small Hydropower Plant - How it works? Description: Explore full 3D model online at https://3d.energyencyclopedia.com/small-hydro *************************************************** Some of the water is diverted at the weir and flows through the water turbine. Typically, small Michel (Banki) turbine is used. The turbine turns a generator, which produces electricity. After the sluice gate is closed, the turbine is shut down. The small hydropower plant stops generating electricity. </video>

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EnergyEncyclopedia.com is the educational web page dedicated to perspective forms of energy production. You will find many educational 3D interactive models, 3D models of energetics objects for 3D printing, educational videos. Everything on the Energy Encyclopedia is for free. For educational purposes no licenses limitations.

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