Channel Title: GEO GIRL Channel Description: Hi! My name Rachel👋 I have a PhD in geoscience and I post educational videos for those interested in geoscience & related fields🌎and/or for those studying for an exam!😉 Subscribe if you want to learn about topics like: - Earth History / Historical Geology - Geochemistry / Stable & Radioactive Isotopes - Paleoclimatology & Paleoceanography - Biogeochemistry - Geobiology & Astrobiology - Paleontology - Mineralogy / Crystallography - Igneous & Metamorphic Petrology - Physical Geology - Sedimentology & Stratigraphy - Depositional Environments - Carbonate Petrology GEO GIRL Website: Geogirlscience.com (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch👕, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!) About me: I am currently an NSF postdoctoral fellow & professor at the University of South Carolina!🐔 The books and references I use for my videos are always linked in the individual video descriptions🙂 <video> What Ancient Invasive Species Can Tell Us About Modern Ones w/Dr. Alycia Stigall | GEO GIRL Description: Invasive species are cause a lot of environmental and ecological problems in some regions today. But I didn't know that we could study invasive species in Earth's ancient past! In this video, Dr. Alycia Stigall, paleontology and ancient species invasion expert, talks about her research into a species invasion that took place over 400 million years ago and the implications that it has for studying invasive species today! Hope you enjoy :) References: Bauer and Stigall, 2014- https://kirj.ee/earth-publications/?filter[year]=2014&filter[issue]=251&filter[publication]=1912 Lam and Stigall, 2015: http://www.kirj.ee/public/Estonian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences/2015/issue_1/earth-2015-1-62-67.pdf Stigall et al., 2017- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.12.008 Stigall, 2019- https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062638 Stigall et al., 2019- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.05.034 Stigall, 2023- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111520 Forsythe & Stigall, 2023- https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2022.45 Video Chapters: 0:00 Invasive Species 400 million years ago 1:53 What Are Species Invasions 4:41 Why do we care? 6:00 Finding ancient invasive species in rocks 7:28 What processes spread invasive species? 9:35 Recognizing large ancient species invasion events 11:11 Richmondian invasion 13:53 Ordovician Extinction & Invasions? 15:12 Devonian Extinction & Invasions? 18:25 Two Different (But Related?) Invasions 22:20 Application to modern invasions? 24:03 Positive impacts of invasions? 25:18 Purposeful species invasions for conservation? 26:26 Biggest remaining questions in this research? 28:19 Next steps in this research & students needed! Interested in going to/presenting at GSA Connects 2025? Check out the webpage here! - https://community.geosociety.org/gsa2025/home Explore geology deeper with CampGeo – podcast-like conversation with visuals that bring geological concepts to life! Check it out here: https://campcourses.app.link/p5q0W0bxwMb GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!) Non-textbook books I recommend: Oxygen by D. Canfield: https://amzn.to/3gffbCL Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/3w3hC1I Life on young planet by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/2RBMpny Some assembly required by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3w1Ezm2 Your inner fish by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3cpw3Wb Oxygen by N. Lane: https://amzn.to/3z4FgwZ Alien Oceans by K. Hand: https://amzn.to/3clMx1l Life's Engines: https://amzn.to/3w1Nhke Tools I use as a geologist/teacher/student: Geology field notebook: https://amzn.to/3lb6dJf Geology rock hammer: https://amzn.to/3DZw8MA Geological compass: https://amzn.to/3hfbdLu Geological hand lens: https://amzn.to/3jXysM5 Camera: https://amzn.to/3l6fGRT Carbon-neutral pencil bag: https://shrsl.com/3cvjv Carbon-neutral backpack: https://shrsl.com/3cvkc Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below! </video> <video> How to Increase Wildfire Resilience & Resitance w/Dr. Rebecca Flitcroft | GEO GIRL Description: References & Resources: “Trout and Wildfires--Some Surprising Answers, with Becky Flitcroft” (podcast with Tom Rosenbauer at Orvis). https://traffic.libsyn.com/secure/orvisffguide/Wildfires_and_Trout_with_Becky_Flitcroft.mp3 “Fish and Fire: Habitat and History in the Northwest” (science video developed by Mark Blaine at Oregon State University). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omUN7VsKxBo. Lasslop et al., 2019: Influence of Fire on the Carbon Cycle and Climate- https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-019-00128-9 Li et al., 2022: Impacts of Forest Fire Ash on Aquatic Mercury Cycling- https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c01591 Check out Fire Through Time interview with Dr. Pyne on GSA's Geosociety channel: https://youtu.be/xo6tBxmtYrc Video Chapters: 0:00 Why Wildfire Resilience is Important 3:34 How Does Fire Suppression Make Fires Worse 5:21 Size vs Severity of Fires 6:55 ‘Stands’ & Stand-Replacing Fires 9:12 How Can Purposeful Fires Help? 11:30 How Does Deforestation 14:05 Land Use Effects on Fire Regimes 15:00 Desertification Connection 18:05 Burned Forests Are Growing Back Differently! 19:58 Effect of Fires on Water Quality 22:52 Importance of Diversity! 26:13 Increasing Both Fire & Climate Resiliency 30:18 Future Research in This Area? Explore geology deeper with CampGeo – podcast-like conversation with visuals that bring geological concepts to life! Check it out here: https://campcourses.app.link/p5q0W0bxwMb GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!) Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below! </video> <video> What to Expect at a Geology Conference (GSA Connects 2024)! GEO GIRL Description: Check out the video I did on Geosociety's page covering a ton of the poster presentations from GSA Connects 2024! - https://youtu.be/DMvQvpuAYg0 Go check out the Geo Communications squad on their other platforms: Cate (@GroovyGeologist on everything) - https://www.instagram.com/groovygeologist/ & https://www.tiktok.com/groovygeologist/ Ethan (@rockmanethan on everything) - https://www.instagram.com/rockmanethan/ & https://www.tiktok.com/rockmanethan/ Luisa (@Scottishgeologist on everything) - https://www.instagram.com/scottishgeologist/ & https://www.tiktok.com/scottishgeologist/ Bryan (@Earthquake_Dude on everything) - https://www.instagram.com/earthquakedude/ & https://www.tiktok.com/earthquakedude/ Cam ( @Seismo_cam on insta and @TheQuakeHub on Tik Tok) - https://www.instagram.com/seismo_cam/ & https://www.tiktok.com/thequakehub/ Check out Geologize! - https://training.geologize.org/ See Dr. Mort's linkedin page: https://www.linkedin.com/in/geologize/ GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!) </video> <video> Consequences of the Energy Transition w/Jordan Jeffreys | GEO GIRL Description: How Citizens can Comment and Participate in the National Environmental Policy Act Process - https://www.epa.gov/nepa/how-citizens-can-comment-and-participate-national-environmental-policy-act-process A Billion Black Anthropocenes or None, Kathryn Yusoff (Book)- https://academic.oup.com/isle/article-abstract/26/3/830/5568260?redirectedFrom=fulltext Map of indigenous nations: https://native-land.ca/ Podcast: Indigenous Rights in the Energy Transition - https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/indigenous-rights-in-the-energy-transition/ Nepa process: https://healthyforests.org/2020/05/nepa-101-the-national-environmental-policy-act-process/ Southeastern GSA meeting website: https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/GSA/Sections/se/2025mtg/home.aspx#:~:text=The%202025%20Meeting%20of%20the%20Southeastern%20Section%20of,to%20the%20Blue%20Ridge%2C%20Piedmont%2C%20and%20Allegheny%20plateau. Other GSA sections webpage: https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/GSA/Sections/Home.aspx Video Chapters: 0:00 Intro to Jordan Jeffreys & their Research 2:03 How are Colonialism & Geology related? 3:47 Timeline of Geology as a ‘Colonial Science’ 7:20 Indigenous Perspectives on Land 9:43 Consequences of the ‘Green Mining’ Transition 12:48 Laws around Mining on Indigenous Land 16:09 How can Geoscientists address this? 18:45 Raising Awareness & Building Better Dialogue 20:43 Jordan’s Take-Home Messages 21:54 How can viewers do? 23:20 Why you should go to a GSA meeting! Poster References & Resources: Finn, K., & Loveless, B. (2024, May 2). Indigenous rights in the energy transition - center on global energy policy at Columbia University Sipa: CGEP. Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University SIPA | CGEP https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/indigenous-rights-in-the-energy-transition/ Global Energy Transformation: A Roadmap to 2050 2019 edn (International Renewable Energy Agency, 2019) https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Apr/Global-energy-transformation-A-roadmap-to-2050-2019Edition Howe, C., & Rieppel, L. (2024, June 18). Why museums should repatriate fossils. Nature News. Indian Energy Minerals Forum. USEA. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02027-y Lèbre, É., Stringer, M., Svobodova, K. et al. The social and environmental complexities of extracting energy transition metals. Nat Commun 11, 4823 (2020). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18661-9 Maddy Nyblade, J. M. (2023, March 29). Recognizing geology’s colonial history for Better Policy Today. Eos. https://cse.umn.edu/mgs/feature-stories/recognizing-geologys-colonial-history-better-policy-today National Register of Historic Places, and National Historic Landmarks Program . “DRAFT National Register Bulletin: Identifying Evaluating, and Documenting Traditional Cultural Places.” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior , 6 Nov. 2023. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/index.htm Owen, J.R., Kemp, D., Lechner, A.M. et al. Energy transition minerals and their intersection with land-connected peoples. Nat Sustain 6, 203–211 (2023). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-022-00994-6 Pico, G. L. and T. (2022, June 15). The colonial history of geology in the United States, part One. INSURRECT! “Trust Services | Indian Affairs.” Www.bia.gov, U.S. Department of the Interior , www.bia.gov/bia/ots. US EPA. “National Environmental Policy Act.” US EPA, 19 July 2013, www.epa.gov/nepa. Valencius, Bolton Conevery, et al. “Science in Early America: Print Culture and the Sciences of Territoriality.” Journal of the Early Republic, vol. 36, no. 1, 2016, pp. 73–123, https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2016.0017 </video> <video> When Did Plate Tectonics Begin on Earth? (New Paper Alert!) GEO GIRL Description: New GSA Bulletin paper! – Stern, 2024 (A reinterpretation of the past 2.5 billion years of Earth’s tectonic history: Two episodes each of plate and single-lid tectonics): https://doi.org/10.1130/B37966.1 Interested in pubishing YOUR research in a GSA journal, like GSA Bulletin, or reading more from them? Check out their website here! - https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/GSA/Pubs/journals.aspx Other References: Stern, 2020 (The Mesoproterozoic single lid tectonic episode: Prelude to plate tectonics): https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG480A.1 Stern et al., 2023 (A tectonic manifesto: Perspectives of Earth and space scientists): https://doi.org/10.1029/2023CN000214 Stern & Gerya, 2023 (Co-evolution of life and plate tectonics: The biogeodynamic perspective on the Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic transitions): https://doi.org /10.1016/B978-0-323-85733-8.00013-5 Stern & Gerya, 2024 (The importance of plate tectonics for the evolution of complex life: Implications for finding extraterrestrial civilizations): https://doi .org/10.1038 /s41598 -024-54700-x Stern & Miller, 2018 (Did the transition to plate tectonics cause Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth?): https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12321 Condie & Stern, 2013 (Identification and tectonic significance in space and time): https://doi .org /10 .1016 /j .gsf.2023.101680 Chen et al., 2022 (Progress towards an improved Precambrian seawater 87Sr/86Sr curve): https://doi .org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103869 Trianafyllou et al., 2023 (Europium anomalies in detrital zircons record major transitions in Earth geodynamics at 2.5 Ga and 0.9 Ga): https://doi .org /10.1130 /G50720.1 0:00 New Exciting Paper! 0:35 Not all Tectonics Involves Plates 1:32 Early Molten Earth Tectonics 2:14 Crust vs Lithosphere 3:43 Archean Earth Drip Tectonics 5:17 Transition to Plate Tectonics 5:58 Future Earth Tectonics (stagnant lid) 6:55 New Perspectives on Last 2.5 Billion Yrs! 8:02 Alternating Tectonic Regimes? 9:04 Plate vs Lid Tectonics 9:55 Rarity of Plate Tectonics 12:29 Water & Plate Tectonics Link? 13:38 How We Study Ancient Tectonics 16:08 Timing of Tectonic Transitions 17:57 Why Do We Care? 21:09 Other Hypotheses Explore geology deeper with CampGEO – podcast-like conversation with visuals that bring geological concepts to life! Check it out here: https://campcourses.app.link/p5q0W0bxwMb GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!) Non-textbook books I recommend: Oxygen by D. Canfield: https://amzn.to/3gffbCL Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/3w3hC1I Life on young planet by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/2RBMpny Some assembly required by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3w1Ezm2 Your inner fish by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3cpw3Wb Oxygen by N. Lane: https://amzn.to/3z4FgwZ Alien Oceans by K. Hand: https://amzn.to/3clMx1l Life's Engines: https://amzn.to/3w1Nhke Tools I use as a geologist/teacher/student: Geology field notebook: https://amzn.to/3lb6dJf Geology rock hammer: https://amzn.to/3DZw8MA Geological compass: https://amzn.to/3hfbdLu Geological hand lens: https://amzn.to/3jXysM5 Camera: https://amzn.to/3l6fGRT Carbon-neutral pencil bag: https://shrsl.com/3cvjv Carbon-neutral backpack: https://shrsl.com/3cvkc Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below! </video> <video> Europa Geology & What it Means for Life on Europa w/Dr. Erin Leonard | GEO GIRL Description: Check out part 2 all about the Clipper Mission on GSA's @geosociety channel: https://youtu.be/L8EMolOokYo Watch Europa Clipper launch live on NASA's channel! - https://www.youtube.com/live/lQToTWKwtuw?si=OR0la55dt_G4IS9W References & Resources: NASA Europa facts page: https://science.nasa.gov/jupiter/moons/europa/europa-facts/ NASA Europa Clipper Science page: https://europa.nasa.gov/mission/science/ NASA Europa Clipper main mission page: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/europa-clipper/ NASA Europa Team page: https://europa.nasa.gov/mission/the-team/overview/ NASA Mission Info page (Discovery vs New Frontiers vs Flagship): https://www.nasa.gov/planetarymissions/planetary-mission-program-overview/ Leonard et al., 2024 (First USGS Global Geologic Map of Europa!): https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sim3513 Images of Clipper at KSC: https://images.nasa.gov/album/SpaceX_Europa_Clipper?page=1 Great images of Europa’s chaos terrain and bands: https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/newly-reprocessed-images-of-europa-show-chaos-terrain-in-crisp-detail/ Carr et al., 1998: Evidence for a subsurface ocean on Europa- https://doi.org/10.1038/34857 An amazing paper that Dr. Leonard is a co-author on all about the Geology Europa Clipper will do (w/amazing figures too)! Daubar et al., 2024 - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-023-01036-z Video Chapters: 0:00 Intro to Topic & Interviewee 2:06 What is Europa & Why Do We Care? 2:50 Why do we care about Geology on Europa? 3:53 How is Europa Heated? 5:35 First Global Geologic Map! 6:18 Diversity of Materials on Europa 7:48 Are there mid ocean ridges on Europa? 8:22 Ice Plate Tectonics on Europa? 9:29 Common Geologic Structures on Europa 10:40 How These Structures Form 11:35 'Chaos' on Europa? 13:48 Is Europa's Ice Shell Rotating Independently of its Core? 17:33 Age of Europa's Surface 18:38 Does Europa have Plumes? 20:26 What Europa Clipper Might Discover! Explore geology deeper with CampGeo – podcast-like conversation with visuals that bring geological concepts to life! Check it out here: https://campcourses.app.link/p5q0W0bxwMb GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!) Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below! </video> <video> If we all came from fish, where (or what) did fish come from? GEO GIRL Description: We have all heard the story of how lobe-finned fish, like Tiktaalik, began the great transition of animals from sea to land in the Devonian period around 375 million years ago, which led to the first amphibians in the Carboniferous around 350 million years ago, and then finally the first reptiles and proto-mammals in the Permian around 300-250 million years ago. Thus, all major groups of semi aquatic and land animals (amphibians, reptiles, mammals, birds) came from fish. So, where did fish come from? What did fish evolve from? Was it even an animal? What was the first fish? In this video, we go through what we know so far about the evolution of the first fish! There is still a lot for us to learn about the timing of and evolution of fish, but I hope you enjoy this summary of what we’ve learned so far! ;) 0:00 Most Modern Animal Groups Came From Fish 1:07 Earliest Known Fish 3:46 What Came Before Fish? 5:41 Link Between Invertebrates & Vertebrates 7:56 Our Closest Invertebrate Relatives References: Knoll, 2003: https://doi.org/10.2113/0540329 Donoghue & Sansom, 2002- https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10217 Vermeij, 1989: https://doi.org/10.2307/3514748 Murdock, 2020: https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12614 Wood, 2011: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.01.011 Naleway, 2016: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.033 Runnegar, 1989: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6114-6_6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_fish and references therein Explore geology deeper with CampGeo – podcast-like conversation with visuals that bring geological concepts to life! Check it out here: https://campcourses.app.link/p5q0W0bxwMb GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!) Non-textbook books I recommend: Oxygen by D. Canfield: https://amzn.to/3gffbCL Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/3w3hC1I Life on young planet by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/2RBMpny Some assembly required by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3w1Ezm2 Your inner fish by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3cpw3Wb Oxygen by N. Lane: https://amzn.to/3z4FgwZ Alien Oceans by K. Hand: https://amzn.to/3clMx1l Life's Engines: https://amzn.to/3w1Nhke Tools I use as a geologist/teacher/student: Geology field notebook: https://amzn.to/3lb6dJf Geology rock hammer: https://amzn.to/3DZw8MA Geological compass: https://amzn.to/3hfbdLu Geological hand lens: https://amzn.to/3jXysM5 Camera: https://amzn.to/3l6fGRT Carbon-neutral pencil bag: https://shrsl.com/3cvjv Carbon-neutral backpack: https://shrsl.com/3cvkc Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below! </video> <video> Exploration of a Metal World! w/Dr. David Williams | GEO GIRL Description: References & Resources: NASA Psyche Science page: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/psyche/science/ NASA Psyche Team page: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/psyche/meet-the-psyche-team/ NASA Mission Info page (Discovery vs New Frontiers vs Flagship): https://www.nasa.gov/planetarymissions/planetary-mission-program-overview/ JPL Psyche Science page: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/press-kits/psyche/mission/science NASA Psyche Thrusters article: https://www.nasa.gov/missions/psyche-mission/nasas-psyche-fires-up-its-sci-fi-worthy-thrusters/ Williams et al., 2018 (Geologic Map of Ceres): https://planetcarto.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/dawn_ceres_geomapglobal_march2019_preview.png Shepard et al., 2021 (Albedo of Psyche): https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abfdba Cambioni et al., 2022 (Surface heterogeneity of Psyche): https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JE007091 NASA’s Live view of Psyche at: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/psyche/ Check out my other interview about Pulverizing Asteroids on GSA's geosociety channel: https://youtu.be/tQx5ZLdlJZs Video Chapters: 0:00 Intro to Topic & Interviewee 3:09 What is the Psyche Mission & Why Are We Doing it? 4:21 GSA Connects 2024 Meeting & Presentation 4:53 Why do we want to visit a ball of metal? 5:56 A Window into Earth’s Core! 6:18 Differentiation & Core Hypothesis 9:23 How Psyche lost its surface layers 10:03 When did Psyche lose its surface layers? 11:37 Science Goals & Objectives of Psyche Mission 13:48 Objective #1 14:44 Instruments on Psyche 16:02 Can we date the rocks on Psyche? 17:32 Objective #2 19:25 How Big is Psyche? 20:25 Objective #3 22:20 Objective #4 24:43 Objective #5 27:18 Mining on Psyche? 30:07 Why an Orbiter instead of Flyby or Lander? 31:49 How far along is the mission? 33:34 How to get started in Space Exploration! 35:18 Check out my Pulverizing Asteroids Interview! Explore geology deeper with CampGeo – podcast-like conversation with visuals that bring geological concepts to life! Check it out here: https://campcourses.app.link/p5q0W0bxwMb GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!) Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below! </video> <video> How & When the Appalachian Mountains Formed & The Rocks Found Here! GEO GIRL Description: Come with me on a trip to the Blue Ridge province of the Appalachian Mountains to learn about how old this mountain range is, how it formed, and what rocks you can find in these mountains! Hope you enjoy ;D 0:00 Appalachians vs Rockies 0:45 1st Step in Appalachian Mountain Building 1:30 1 billion yr old event 2:13 2nd Step in Appalachian Mountain Building 2:46 Calm in Between Collisions 3:23 3rd Step in Appalachian Mountain Building 3:56 How this Margin Became Passive 5:08 Rocks in the Appalachians! 7:23 Random rock descriptions w/Rachel 9:07 Going over the Geologic Map of the area! 16:51 More Random Rocks w/Rachel! 21:15 Why the Blue Ridge is Blue 21:59 Outtakes ;) References: USGS Geologic Map of Great Smoky Mountain National Park: https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2997/pdf/GSmokys.pdf Earth System History: https://amzn.to/3v1Iy0G Earth Materials by Cornelis Klein and Anthony Philpotts: https://amzn.to/3z5sCxe Explore geology deeper with CampGeo – podcast-like conversation with visuals that bring geological concepts to life! Check it out here: https://campcourses.app.link/p5q0W0bxwMb GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!) Non-textbook books I recommend: Oxygen by D. Canfield: https://amzn.to/3gffbCL Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/3w3hC1I Life on young planet by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/2RBMpny Some assembly required by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3w1Ezm2 Your inner fish by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3cpw3Wb Oxygen by N. Lane: https://amzn.to/3z4FgwZ Alien Oceans by K. Hand: https://amzn.to/3clMx1l Life's Engines: https://amzn.to/3w1Nhke Tools I use as a geologist/teacher/student: Geology field notebook: https://amzn.to/3lb6dJf Geology rock hammer: https://amzn.to/3DZw8MA Geological compass: https://amzn.to/3hfbdLu Geological hand lens: https://amzn.to/3jXysM5 Camera: https://amzn.to/3l6fGRT Carbon-neutral pencil bag: https://shrsl.com/3cvjv Carbon-neutral backpack: https://shrsl.com/3cvkc Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below! </video> <video> Is There a Reason Earth is The Only Planet With Both Plate Tectonics & Life? GEO GIRL Description: Earth is the only planet that we know of with both plate tectonics and life. Is this a coincidence? Or is plate tectonics required for life? Is life required for plate tectonics? In this video, I explore the links between plate tectonics and life. Hope you enjoy! ;D 0:00 Only planet w/plates & life 1:33 Link between plate tectonics & life? 3:13 Origins of water & plate tectonics on Earth 5:24 How water drives plate tectonics 6:01 How plate tectonics sustains life 7:15 Was plate tectonics required for Earth’s origin of life? 8:53 How plate tectonics drives evolution 10:19 Tectonics & life on other worlds? References: Caperton Morton, 2017: https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/only-earth-exploring-link-between-plate-tectonics-and-life-blue-planet Hall, 2017: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/earths-tectonic-activity-may-be-crucial-for-life-and-rare-in-our-galaxy/ Valich, 2023: https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/what-is-plate-tectonics-not-required-for-emergence-of-life-561552/ Tarduno et al., 2023: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06024-5 Tectonics vs plate tectonics video & references therein: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v57XTNLoWKw&t=0s GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!) Hey there, Earth enthusiast! Check my favorite Earth-friendly products: Bamboo toilet paper: https://shrsl.com/3cvku Bamboo paper towels: https://shrsl.com/3cvkw Compostable tableware: https://shrsl.com/3cvkz Compostable trash bags: https://shrsl.com/3cvl0 Bamboo cutlery + straw! : https://shrsl.com/3cwfl Eco-Friendly Tote (great for grocery shopping!): https://shrsl.com/3cwfp Reusable straws + cleaning brushes (my fav!): https://shrsl.com/3cwft Eco-friendly laundry detergent: https://shrsl.com/3cwgo Directly offset your carbon footprint with Wren: https://shrsl.com/3d0t2 (Just click link, press get started, take the free C footprint quiz, then choose how much you want to reduce your footprint by donating to the C sequestration projects they're funding!) Non-textbook books I recommend: Oxygen by D. Canfield: https://amzn.to/3gffbCL Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/3w3hC1I Life on young planet by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/2RBMpny Some assembly required by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3w1Ezm2 Your inner fish by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3cpw3Wb Oxygen by N. Lane: https://amzn.to/3z4FgwZ Alien Oceans by K. Hand: https://amzn.to/3clMx1l Life's Engines: https://amzn.to/3w1Nhke Tools I use as a geologist/teacher/student: Geology field notebook: https://amzn.to/3lb6dJf Geology rock hammer: https://amzn.to/3DZw8MA Geological compass: https://amzn.to/3hfbdLu Geological hand lens: https://amzn.to/3jXysM5 Camera: https://amzn.to/3l6fGRT Carbon-neutral pencil bag: https://shrsl.com/3cvjv Carbon-neutral backpack: https://shrsl.com/3cvkc Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below! </video> <video> What Earth’s Oldest Rocks Tell Us About The First Oceans, Life, & Tectonics w/PlanetGEO! (PT 2) Description: Explore geology deeper with Chris & Jesse's app, CampGEO! - podcast-like conversation with visuals that bring geological concepts to life! Check it out here: https://campcourses.app.link/p5q0W0bxwMb Check out Chris & Jesse's podcast, PlanetGEO! - https://planetgeocast.com/ Check out their YouTube channel @planetgeopodcast ! Check out Part 1 here! - https://youtu.be/Yo59xUP-e4k Video Chapters: 0:00 Pt 1 Summary & Intro to Pt 2 1:14 Old Rocks & Start of Plate Tectonics 6:21 Caveats to Study Earth’s Past 10:47 Old Rocks & Moon Forming Impact 14:12 Old Rocks & First Liquid Water on Earth 16:25 Old Rocks & First Life on Earth? 24:04 Banded Iron Formations & First Life on Earth 29:03 Tools for Reconstructing Earth’s Past 30:55 Oldest Evidence Life on Earth 34:00 Biggest Remaining Questions! 36:29 Recent Advances in Studying Oldest Rocks! 38:35 What do you want to know? 39:44 Amazing Podcast & App! GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!) Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below! </video> <video> Which Animal Had The First Skeleton? Was it Even An ‘Animal’? GEO GIRL Description: Many animals, like ourselves, have skeletons. But what animal built the first skeleton? Was it even an animal? Maybe the question should be what organism built the first skeleton? And why? What drove the evolution of skeletons? In this video, I go through the major animal & organism groups that have skeletons, the types of skeletons they have, and when they may have evolved. There is still a lot for us to learn about the timing of skeleton evolution, but I hope you enjoy this summary of what we’ve learned so far! ;) 0:00 Endo- vs Exo-Skeletons 2:19 What Skeletons are Made of 4:28 First Vertebrate Skeletons? 7:40 First Invertebrate Skeletons? 9:23 First Microbial Skeletons? 10:02 Precambrian Skeletons? 12:41 Ediacaran Biota not all soft 14:06 Reasons for Timing of Skeleton Explosion 15:37 Predators & Skeletons (Which Came First?) 19:30 Potential Super Early Skeletons? 23:13 Skeleton Timeline Summary References: Knoll, 2003: https://doi.org/10.2113/0540329 Donoghue & Sansom, 2002- https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10217 Vermeij, 1989: https://doi.org/10.2307/3514748 Murdock, 2020: https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12614 Wood, 2011: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.01.011 Naleway, 2016: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.033 Runnegar, 1989: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6114-6_6 GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!) Hey there, Earth enthusiast! Check my favorite Earth-friendly products: Bamboo toilet paper: https://shrsl.com/3cvku Bamboo paper towels: https://shrsl.com/3cvkw Compostable tableware: https://shrsl.com/3cvkz Compostable trash bags: https://shrsl.com/3cvl0 Bamboo cutlery + straw! : https://shrsl.com/3cwfl Eco-Friendly Tote (great for grocery shopping!): https://shrsl.com/3cwfp Reusable straws + cleaning brushes (my fav!): https://shrsl.com/3cwft Eco-friendly laundry detergent: https://shrsl.com/3cwgo Directly offset your carbon footprint with Wren: https://shrsl.com/3d0t2 (Just click link, press get started, take the free C footprint quiz, then choose how much you want to reduce your footprint by donating to the C sequestration projects they're funding!) Non-textbook books I recommend: Oxygen by D. Canfield: https://amzn.to/3gffbCL Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/3w3hC1I Life on young planet by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/2RBMpny Some assembly required by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3w1Ezm2 Your inner fish by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3cpw3Wb Oxygen by N. Lane: https://amzn.to/3z4FgwZ Alien Oceans by K. Hand: https://amzn.to/3clMx1l Life's Engines: https://amzn.to/3w1Nhke Tools I use as a geologist/teacher/student: Geology field notebook: https://amzn.to/3lb6dJf Geology rock hammer: https://amzn.to/3DZw8MA Geological compass: https://amzn.to/3hfbdLu Geological hand lens: https://amzn.to/3jXysM5 Camera: https://amzn.to/3l6fGRT Carbon-neutral pencil bag: https://shrsl.com/3cvjv Carbon-neutral backpack: https://shrsl.com/3cvkc Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below! </video> <video> How Exploring Other Worlds Requires the Exploration of Earth! GEO GIRL Description: My webinar on iTelescope's YT channel: https://youtu.be/IwgMlYXNmzQ?si=zaTIY6KJo-j5SRFy iTelescope YouTube channel page: https://www.youtube.com/@itelescopewebinars iTelescope website: https://www.itelescope.net/ 0:00 Reason for video 2:32 How we study Earth’s past 3:42 Physical features in Earth rocks 6:31 Physical features in Mars rocks 8:23 Physical features on icy moon, Europa 14:30 Chemistry of Earth rocks 18:49 Chemistry of Enceladus & Titan rocks 22:09 Habitability vs origin of life events 23:40 Biology of Earth rocks 25:13 Possible biology of other planets & moons References: Sedimentary Structures video (and references therein): https://youtu.be/fmQXGT2oUno?si=vuzrR30HVDEwjg4Q Europa Geology video (and referernces therein)- https://youtu.be/7UI4LKOuAOU?si=P5hkmUYu8DHpNh1j Europa Interior video (and referernces therein)- https://youtu.be/dJ-biPZG8Jw?si=eIfiQdSmFlqihQD6 Potential for Life on Enceladus video (and referernces therein)- https://youtu.be/2WX_RAPFSSg?si=gDnPlzeu2bYHKjG3 Enceladus Analogs video (and referernces therein)- https://youtu.be/U4IVROZriJs?si=WTCLqkKp6MRfWn7B GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!) Hey there, Earth enthusiast! Check my favorite Earth-friendly products: Bamboo toilet paper: https://shrsl.com/3cvku Bamboo paper towels: https://shrsl.com/3cvkw Compostable tableware: https://shrsl.com/3cvkz Compostable trash bags: https://shrsl.com/3cvl0 Bamboo cutlery + straw! : https://shrsl.com/3cwfl Eco-Friendly Tote (great for grocery shopping!): https://shrsl.com/3cwfp Reusable straws + cleaning brushes (my fav!): https://shrsl.com/3cwft Eco-friendly laundry detergent: https://shrsl.com/3cwgo Directly offset your carbon footprint with Wren: https://shrsl.com/3d0t2 (Just click link, press get started, take the free C footprint quiz, then choose how much you want to reduce your footprint by donating to the C sequestration projects they're funding!) Non-textbook books I recommend: Oxygen by D. Canfield: https://amzn.to/3gffbCL Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/3w3hC1I Life on young planet by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/2RBMpny Some assembly required by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3w1Ezm2 Your inner fish by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3cpw3Wb Oxygen by N. Lane: https://amzn.to/3z4FgwZ Alien Oceans by K. Hand: https://amzn.to/3clMx1l Life's Engines: https://amzn.to/3w1Nhke Tools I use as a geologist/teacher/student: Geology field notebook: https://amzn.to/3lb6dJf Geology rock hammer: https://amzn.to/3DZw8MA Geological compass: https://amzn.to/3hfbdLu Geological hand lens: https://amzn.to/3jXysM5 Camera: https://amzn.to/3l6fGRT Carbon-neutral pencil bag: https://shrsl.com/3cvjv Carbon-neutral backpack: https://shrsl.com/3cvkc Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below! </video> <video> What Killed the Dinosaurs / Series of Events Following the Asteroid Impact | GEO GIRL Description: What actually killed the dinosaurs 66 million years ago? In this video, we go through the series of events that followed the asteroid impact, the effect these events had on marine and terrestrial life, the recovery of life, and a potenital missing piece of the puzzle that might help us explain the dinosaurs demise. Be sure to check out part 2 here: https://youtu.be/cpu74BpWXvY after watching this one! 0:00 Impact & Timing of KPg Extinction 2:57 Evidence of Asteroid Impact 4:09 How an Asteroid Killed the Dinos 4:37 1. The Broil 6:27 Blocked Sunlight & Photosynthesis 8:58 2. Impact Winter 9:23 3. Toxic Chemicals 9:42 4. Global Warming 10:48 How an Asteroid Caused Warming 11:23 How Warming Affected Life 12:43 5. Acid Rain 13:40 6. Ocean Acidification 14:42 Recovery of Life after KPg 15:39 Missing link? References: Sinnesael et al., 2024: Deep marine records of Deccan Trap volcanism before the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) mass extinction: https://doi.org/10.1130/B37446.1 Earth System History: https://amzn.to/3v1Iy0G Brussatte, 2022- https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-mammals-conquered-the-world-after-the-asteroid-apocalypse/ Sakamoto et al. 2016- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23754-0 Garcia-Giron et al. 2022- https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add5040 Explore geology deeper with CampGeo – podcast-like conversation with visuals that bring geological concepts to life! Check it out here: https://campcourses.app.link/p5q0W0bxwMb GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!) Non-textbook books I recommend: Oxygen by D. Canfield: https://amzn.to/3gffbCL Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/3w3hC1I Life on young planet by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/2RBMpny Some assembly required by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3w1Ezm2 Your inner fish by N. Shubin: https://amzn.to/3cpw3Wb Oxygen by N. Lane: https://amzn.to/3z4FgwZ Alien Oceans by K. Hand: https://amzn.to/3clMx1l Life's Engines: https://amzn.to/3w1Nhke Tools I use as a geologist/teacher/student: Geology field notebook: https://amzn.to/3lb6dJf Geology rock hammer: https://amzn.to/3DZw8MA Geological compass: https://amzn.to/3hfbdLu Geological hand lens: https://amzn.to/3jXysM5 Camera: https://amzn.to/3l6fGRT Carbon-neutral pencil bag: https://shrsl.com/3cvjv Carbon-neutral backpack: https://shrsl.com/3cvkc Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below! </video> <video> The Tortured History of Earth's Oldest Rocks w/Jesse & Chris from PlanetGEO! (PT 1) Description: Explore geology deeper with Chris & Jesse's app, CampGEO! - podcast-like conversation with visuals that bring geological concepts to life! Check it out here: https://campcourses.app.link/p5q0W0bxwMb Check out Chris & Jesse's podcast, PlanetGEO! - https://planetgeocast.com/ Check out their YouTube channel @planetgeopodcast ! Check out Part 2 here! - https://youtu.be/t7xi1UnBsAE Video Chapters: 0:00 Oldest Rocks on Earth! 0:21 Planet GEO Podcast! 2:22 Why Do We Care? 7:01 Our Oldest Rocks 9:10 Why is Earth Older Than its Rocks? 12:32 Where & What Are The Oldest Rocks on Earth? 17:17 How Do Zircon Grains ‘Escape’ Metamorphism? 24:41 How to Account For Initial Daughter Isotope 28:12 C Dating Misconceptions 29:45 Zircon Grains w/Multiple Ages 32:42 What These Rocks Tell Us About Ancient Earth GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!) Disclaimer: Links included in this description might be affiliate links. If you purchase a product or service with the links that I provide I may receive a small commission, but there is no additional charge to you! Thank you for supporting my channel so I can continue to provide you with free content each week! And as always, let me know your topic suggestions in the comments down below! </video>

Contacts and Links

Description

Hi! My name Rachel👋 I have a PhD in geoscience and I post educational videos for those interested in geoscience & related fields🌎and/or for those studying for an exam!😉

Subscribe if you want to learn about topics like:
- Earth History / Historical Geology
- Geochemistry / Stable & Radioactive Isotopes
- Paleoclimatology & Paleoceanography
- Biogeochemistry
- Geobiology & Astrobiology
- Paleontology
- Mineralogy / Crystallography
- Igneous & Metamorphic Petrology
- Physical Geology
- Sedimentology & Stratigraphy
- Depositional Environments
- Carbonate Petrology

GEO GIRL Website: Geogirlscience.com (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch👕, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!)

About me: I am currently an NSF postdoctoral fellow & professor at the University of South Carolina!🐔

The books and references I use for my videos are always linked in the individual video descriptions🙂

Videos from channel