Channel Title: Dr. Minass Channel Description: Welcome to the Channel! Dr. Minass is a medical doctor that practices in a major hospital in Sydney, Australia. On this channel you will find educational medical videos that are simplified for easy understanding. -------------------------------- Recommended Text -------------------------------- Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information. ---------------------------------------- Interact With Dr. Minass! ---------------------------------------- Website - https://www.drminass.com Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/drminass Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/M1NA55 Instagram - @m1.nass Post - Address to: Minass Parcel Locker 10106 04448 59 Penshurst Street Willoughby, NSW Australia 2068 <video> Embryology of the Liver (Easy to Understand) Description: The development of the liver and gall bladder explained in less than 10 minutes. If you are completely new to embryology and you want to understand it quickly, this should be the first video you watch: - https://youtu.be/l5gUARhXWTY Post any questions you have about the video below, I read all the comments: -------------------------------- Recommended Text -------------------------------- Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information. ---------------------------------------- Interact With Dr. Minass! ---------------------------------------- Website - https://www.drminass.com Email - info@drminass.com Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/drminass Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/M1NA55 Instagram - @m1.nass Post - Address to: Minass Parcel Locker 10106 04448 59 Penshurst Street Willoughby, NSW Australia 2068 Summary for your notes: - liver appears week 3 as an outgrowth of endoderm (epithelium of the GIT) at the distal end of the foregut - liver bud = hepatic diverticulum - rapidly grows/proliferates into the spetum transversum (mesoderm) - bile duct forms from the connection of the liver to the duodenum - gallbladder and cystic duct grow from the bile duct - epithelial liver cords mingle with the vitelline and umbilical veins and form hepatic sinusoids - liver cords become liver cells and form lining of biliary ducts - septum transversum forms the haematopoietic cells, Kupffer cells, and connective tissue cells - lesser omentum and falciform ligament are derived from ventral mesentery - all of the liver is covered in peritoneum except the area in contact with the diaphragm (bare area) Abnormalities: - accessory hepatic duct - duplication of the gallbladder - extrahepatic biliary atresia - infraheptic biliary duct atresia and hypoplasia </video> <video> Dr. Minass Live Stream Description: </video> <video> Embryology of the GIT II - Midgut (Easy to Understand) Description: The development of the midgut explained very simply! If you are completely new to embryology and you want to understand it quickly, this should be the first video you watch: - https://youtu.be/l5gUARhXWTY Post any questions you have about the video below, I read all the comments: -------------------------------- Recommended Text -------------------------------- Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information. ---------------------------------------- Interact With Dr. Minass! ---------------------------------------- Website - https://www.drminass.com Email - info@drminass.com Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/drminass Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/M1NA55 Instagram - @m1.nass Post - Address to: Minass Parcel Locker 10106 04448 59 Penshurst Street Willoughby, NSW Australia 2068 Summary for your notes: - midgut communicates with the yolk sac with the vitelline duct (yolk stalk) - midgut begins in the grown human distal to the entrance of the bile duct into the duodenum, until the junction between the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon and the distal 1/3. - midgut is supplied by superior mesenteric artery] - midgut rapidly elongates forming a primary intestinal loop - cephalic limb of the loop becomes the distal duodenum, jejunum, and some of the ileum - caudal portion becomes the rest of the ileum, caecum, appendix, ascending colon, and proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon - the midgut rotates 90 degrees during physiological herniation (counter-clockwise) - when the intestinal loops retract into the abdominal cavity due to liver growth declining and an increased cavity, the midgut rotates another 180 degrees - initially the cecum is in the right upper quadrant (RUQ), but it descends into the iliac fossa (RIF) Abnormalities: - gastroschisis, Meckel's diverticulum (persitence of the vitelline duct), volvulus (malrotation: only 90 degrees instead of 270, leading to bowel being retracted first and therefore being on the left side), atresia and stenosis </video> <video> Embryology of the GIT III - Hindgut (Easy to Understand) Description: The development of the hindgut explained very simply! If you are completely new to embryology and you want to understand it quickly, this should be the first video you watch: - https://youtu.be/l5gUARhXWTY Post any questions you have about the video below, I read all the comments: -------------------------------- Recommended Text -------------------------------- Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information. ---------------------------------------- Interact With Dr. Minass! ---------------------------------------- Website - https://www.drminass.com Email - info@drminass.com Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/drminass Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/M1NA55 Instagram - @m1.nass Post - Address to: Minass Parcel Locker 10106 04448 59 Penshurst Street Willoughby, NSW Australia 2068 Summary for your notes: - hindgut gives rise to the distal third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid, rectum and the upper 2/3 of the anal canal. - endoderm of the hindgut also contributes to the internal lining of the bladder and urethra - terminal hindgut enters the posterior portion of the cloaca, and the allantois enters the anterior portion. - cloaca becomes the anorectal canal and the urogenital sinus - the cloaca is an endoderm cavity covered at the cloacal membrane by ectoderm - the urorectal septum, which is mesoderm, separates the region between allantois and hindgut - septum grows caudally and the tip fuses with the cloacal membrane giving rise to the perineal body, and the urogenital and anal membranes. - upper 2/3 of anal canal is endoderm and supplied by inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) - lower 1/3 of anal canal is ectoderm and supplied by inferior rectal arteries from the internal iliac artery. - boundary is the pectinate line Abnormalities: - rectovaginal fistula - atresia - congenital megacolon - Hirschprung disease - imperforate anus </video> <video> Embryology of the Ear I (Easy to Understand) Description: The development of the inner ear explained in 15 minutes. For the embryology of the middle and outer ear, tap here: https://youtu.be/ipclWM_nRn8 If you are completely new to embryology and you want to understand it quickly, this should be the first video you watch: - https://youtu.be/l5gUARhXWTY -------------------------------- Recommended Text -------------------------------- Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information. ---------------------------------------- Interact With Dr. Minass! ---------------------------------------- Website - https://www.drminass.com Email - info@drminass.com Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/drminass Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/M1NA55 Instagram - @m1.nass Post - Address to: Minass Parcel Locker 10106 04448 59 Penshurst Street Willoughby, NSW Australia 2068 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ SUMMARY OF THE VIDEO FOR YOUR NOTES ------------------------------------------------------------------------ The internal ear - The otic placode is seen in the day 22 embryo as a thickened part of the ectoderm on both sides of the rhombencephalon (developing CNS / neural tube). - the otic placode invaginates quickly forming the otic vesicles. Also known as auditory vesicles, or otocysts. - the otic placode divides itself into both a ventral component and a dorsal component - the ventral part gives rise to the saccule and the cochlear duct - the dorsal part forms the utricle, semicircular canals, and endolymphatic duct. - these are collectively the membraneous labyrinth - by week 6, the saccule has an outgrowth that eventually forms the cochlear duct by growing and coiling 2.5 times around itself. It grows into the surrounding tissue to do this. - the connection between the saccule and the cochlear duct is by the ductus reuniens - the tissue that the cochlear duct penetrated will differentiate into cartilage - some of this cartilage will become hollow, to allow for the development of the scala vestibuli and tympani, each having their own membrane. - cochlear duct is attached to the rest of the cartilage by the spiral ligament - epithelial cells of the cochlear duct differentiate - these become the outer ridge and the inner ridge - the outer ridge becomes the hair cells which are covered by the tectorial membrane - the inner ridge becomes the spiral limbus - the hair cells and the tectorial membrane are known as the Organ of Corti - the Organ of Corti sends impulses to the brain via cranial verve VIII (CN8, vestibulocochlear nerve) - by week 6 semicircular canals appear by walls that grow together - the walls disappear leaving the three semicircular canals - one of the ends become the crus ampullare that dilates and contains sensory cells, the other end doesn't dilate and is thus called the crus nonampullare - the cells in the crus amopullare are known as the crista ampullaris and these maintain equilibrium - inside the utricle and saccule , maculae acusticae develop, which send information about the bodies position in space to the brain for processing - this is done via the vestibular portion of CNVIII - the statoacoustic ganglion is formed by both neural crest cells and by some cells that divide off the optic placode (so all ectoderm) - the statoacoustic ganglion divides into both vestibular and cochlear segments (CNVIII) </video> <video> Defects in the Development of the Respiratory System (Easy to Understand) Description: Anomalies in the development of the lungs explained in 10 minutes. If you are completely new to embryology and you want to understand it quickly, this should be the first video you watch: - https://youtu.be/l5gUARhXWTY Normal lung development (Easy to Understand): - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cC2hWizvWa4 0:00 Brief Introduction to Embryology 1:53 Message from Sponsor 3:12 Respiratory Development 5:29 Tracheoesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia 8:08 Respiratory Distress Syndrome -------------------------------------------- MESSAGE FROM SPONSOR -------------------------------------------- Many thanks to BNX for sponsoring this video. BNX makes high-quality American made N95 masks/respirators. I wore them instead of the usual N95 masks I am required to wear and found them considerably more comfortable than the hospital grade masks that provide the same protection. They are lightweight, comfortable, and lint-free. Use the links below to check it out, and don't forget to use the code L5YCZTEC for a discount: https://bnx.com/made-in-usa/n95-mask-respirators-kn95-face-masks Product links: - BN-N95-H95B-10PP - https://amzn.to/3PDBmDs - BN-N95-H95W-10PP - https://amzn.to/3PJspIW - BN-N95-F95W-10PP - https://amzn.to/3wOI2WL - BN-N95-F95B-10PP - https://amzn.to/3GeC7yi - BN-KN95-E95-BLACK-20PP - https://amzn.to/3a98ORS - BN-KN95-E95-WHITE-20PP - https://amzn.to/3wJqNpD - BN-N95-H95B-10PP - https://amzn.to/3PDBmDs - BN-N95-H95W-10PP - https://amzn.to/3PJspIW - BN-N95-F95W-10PP - https://amzn.to/3wOI2WL - BN-N95-F95B-10PP - https://amzn.to/3GeC7yi - BN-KN95-E95-BLACK-20PP - https://amzn.to/3a98ORS - BN-KN95-E95-WHITE-20PP - https://amzn.to/3wJqNpD -------------------------------- Recommended Text -------------------------------- Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information. ---------------------------------------- Interact With Dr. Minass! ---------------------------------------- Website - https://www.drminass.com Email - info@drminass.com Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/drminass Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/M1NA55 Instagram - @m1.nass Post - Address to: Minass Parcel Locker 10106 04448 59 Penshurst Street Willoughby, NSW Australia 2068 Summary for your notes (this video): - Abnormalities in partitioning of the esophagus and trachea result in oesophageal atresia with/out tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEF). - There are various types, most frequent of which occurs with the upper portion of the oesophagus ending in a blind pouch and the lower end forming a fistula with the trachea. - Respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) occurs when there is insufficient surfactant in the newborn lungs causing collapse of the lungs on expiration - Ectopic lung lobes can also arise from the trachea or oedsophagus - Congenital cysts of the lung may also occur from dilatation of bronchi (not mentioned in the video but important to note) Summary for your notes (normal lung development): - Formation of the lung buds: at 4 weeks of gestation, the respiratory diverticulum (lung bud) appears as an outgrowth from the ventral foregut. Retinoic acid from surrounding mesoderm is the initiating factor (as it causes up-regulation of transcription factor TBX4) - not spoken about in video to keep things simple. - Epithelium of the lung is derived from foregut. - Connective tissue, muscle, and cartilage is from splanchnic mesoderm. - Parietal pleura is from somatic mesoderm; and visceral pleura is from splanchnic mesoderm. - Tracheoesophageal ridges separate the lung bud from the foregut, and fuse to form a tracheoesophageal septum. - Lung buds form bronchial buds which form into the right and left main bronchi. - Growth is caudal and lateral to fill the pericardioperitoneal canals. 10 tertiary bronchi (segmental) are developed on the right, and 8 in the left. These correspond to the bronchopulmonary segments in an adult lung. - Terminal bronchioles divide to form respiratory bronchioles and these divide into alveolar ducts. - The terminal sacs are initially cuboidal epithelium but the distal portion become squamous as the vascular supply grows near it - these are the Type 1 alveoli. - Type 2 produce surfactant. Congenital abnormalities: - Esophageal atresia: abnormalities in partitioning of the oesophagus and trachea. Fistulas may also persist - The three types spoken about in the video make up the most common types. - The proximal blind ended esophagus, and a tracheoesophageal fistula to the distal part of the esopahgus is the most common type (90%). - There are two other types which are much rarer (1% each) so it wasn't spoken about in the video. They include: (1) a proximal fistula, and a distal blind-ended esophagus, and (2) a fistula to the trachea from the esophagus both distally and proximally. </video> <video> Embryology of the Ear II (Easy to Understand) Description: The development of the middle and external ear explained in less than 15 minutes. For the embryology of the inner ear, tap here: https://youtu.be/G0lcRHa-JGo If you are completely new to embryology and you want to understand it quickly, this should be the first video you watch: - https://youtu.be/l5gUARhXWTY -------------------------------- Recommended Text -------------------------------- Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information. ---------------------------------------- Interact With Dr. Minass! ---------------------------------------- Website - https://www.drminass.com Email - info@drminass.com Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/drminass Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/M1NA55 Instagram - @m1.nass Post - Address to: Minass Parcel Locker 10106 04448 59 Penshurst Street Willoughby, NSW Australia 2068 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ SUMMARY OF THE VIDEO FOR YOUR NOTES ------------------------------------------------------------------------ The middle ear - Tympanic cavity comes from the endoderm, from the first pharyngeal pouch. - The pouch expands laterally until it touches the first pharyngeal cleft - The distal part of the pouch is the tubotympanic recess, which widens becoming the primitive tympanic cavity. The proximal part remains narrow and becomes the auditory tube aka eustachian tube - The malleus and incus come from the first pharyngeal arch - The stapes comes from the second pharyngeal arch - Tensor tympani is innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve - Stapedius is innervated by the facial nerve The external ear - External auditory meatus comes from the first pharyngeal cleft - The solid epithelial meatal plug will dissolve by the seventh month, otherwise the newborn will be deaf - Th tympanic membrane (eardrum) is made from three layers: ectoderm epithelium, mesoderm middle layer which is connective tissue, and endoderm which is the inner mucous membrane (epithelium). - The malleus' handle is in contact with the tympanic membrane. - The auricle develop from 6 swellings called the auricular hillocks. - Hillocks 1, 2, and 3 come from pharyngeal arch 1 - Hillocks 4, 5, and 6 come from the second arch - The hillocks will eventually grow and fuse together in a complicated process that I have simplified by just saying "they all fuse together" - 1 is the tragus, 2 is the helix, 3 is the cymba conca, 4 is the concha, 5 is the anti-helix, and 6 is the anti-tragus - lets keep it at that </video> <video> Embryology of the Diaphragm and Thoracic Cavity (Easy to Understand) Description: The development of the diaphragm and thoracic cavity explained in 15 minutes. If you are completely new to embryology and you want to understand it quickly, this should be the first video you watch: - https://youtu.be/l5gUARhXWTY -------------------------------- Recommended Text -------------------------------- Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information. ---------------------------------------- Interact With Dr. Minass! ---------------------------------------- Website - https://www.drminass.com Email - info@drminass.com Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/drminass Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/M1NA55 Instagram - @m1.nass Post - Address to: Minass Parcel Locker 10106 04448 59 Penshurst Street Willoughby, NSW Australia 2068 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ SUMMARY OF THE VIDEO FOR YOUR NOTES ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Thoracic cavity ------------------------- Septum transversum is a thick plate of mesoderm that lies between the thoracic cavity and the stalk of the yolk sac. The septum transversum comes from visceral lateral plate mesoderm. Its position changes as the fetus grows, curving into the fetal position This septum isn’t enough to form the diaphragm, as it leaves an open communication between the thoracic and the peritoneal cavity. The canals are called the pericardioperitoneal canals. There is one canal on each side of the GIT. When the lungs begin to grow, from their humble beginnings of “buds”, they fill the thoracic cavity by growing laterally, and inferiorly, into these canals. The pleuropericardial folds then appear, as growths into the thoracic cavity. Then, mesoderm of the body wall contribute to the formation of the pleuropericardial membranes. The pleuropericardial membranes are extensions of the pleuropericardial folds, which now contain the common cardinal veins and the phrenic nerves. As the heart develops, shifting downward, the common cardinal veins move medially, and the pleuropericardial membranes finally fuse with each other and with the root of the lungs. Thus the thoracic cavity is now divided into the pericardial cavity and the two pleural cavities ------------------ Diaphragm ------------------ The diaphragm is made from 4 parts 1. Septum transversum - central tendon 2. Pleuroperitoneal membranes x2 3. C3,c4,c5 somites to form the muscles of the diaphragm 4. Dorsal mesentery of oesophagus in which crura of diaphragm develop The pleural cavities have now separated from the pericardial cavity, but it still is in open communication with the peritoneal cavity via the pericardioperitoneal canal. These canals are closed by the pleuroperitoneal folds, which grow downwards into the canals. They keep growing towards the middle and the front of the body, and by week 7 they fuse with the dorsal mesentery of the oesophagus and the septum transversum. The division between pleural and peritoneal cavities are completed by the pleuroperitoneal membranes. As the pleural cavity expands, the mesoderm of the body wall adds a muscular component to the pleuroperitoneal membranes. This muscular component is derived from myoblasts, originating from somites at c3-5. This is the muscular part of the diaphragm. In week 4, septum transversum lies opposite to cervical segments of the spinal cord, therefore the nervous innervation of the septum transversum / diaphragm is from these levels, of C3-5. These are the phrenic nerves. The phrenic nerves pass into the septum transversum via the pleuropericardial folds. This explains why the diaphragm is innervated by cervical nerves, even though its final position will be opposite the thoracic level of the spine, in the fibrous pericardium. The phrenic nerves provide sensory and motor control to diaphragm. However, since the most peripheral components of the diaphragm are developed from thoracic tissue, the intercostal/thoracic nerves contribute some sensory fibres. </video> <video> Embryology of the GIT I - Foregut (Easy to Understand) Description: The development of the foregut explained very simply! In this video (part one) we will discuss foregut embryology. If you are completely new to embryology and you want to understand it quickly, this should be the first video you watch: - https://youtu.be/l5gUARhXWTY Post any questions you have about the video below, I read all the comments: -------------------------------- Recommended Text -------------------------------- Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information. ---------------------------------------- Interact With Dr. Minass! ---------------------------------------- Website - https://www.drminass.com Email - info@drminass.com Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/drminass Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/M1NA55 Instagram - @m1.nass Post - Address to: Minass Parcel Locker 10106 04448 59 Penshurst Street Willoughby, NSW Australia 2068 Summary for your notes: - initially, the oesophagus is short, but as the heart and lungs descend, it becomes longer very quickly. - the muscular coat formed by splanchnic mesenchyme is striated; the lower third is smooth muscle - the stomach is a fusiform dilatation of the foregut at week 4 - the stomach is like Nikki Minaj, it turns to the side and grows posteriorly to show the greater curvature - the posterior wall of the stomach grows much faster than the anterior wall - that is, there is a 90 degree turn to the right, and there is anterior-posterior rotation (sitting on a hammock) - the rapid growth of the posterior wall of the stomach forms the greater and lesser curvatures of the stomach. - the rotation of the stomach along the longitudinal axis pulls the dorsal mesogastrium with it, which forms an omental bursa also known as the lesser peritoneal sac. - falciform ligament and the lesser omentum are formed from the ventral mesogastrium - the lesser omentum contains the portal triad (hepatic artery, hepatic duct, portal vein) - free margin of the lesser omentum forms the epiploic foramen of winslow (the opening connecting the lesser to the greater sac) - as stomach rotates, the duodenum takes on the form of a loop in the shape of a C and rotates to the right. - the head of the pancreas and the proximal duodenum are now retroperitoneal organs. Congenital abnormalities: - Oesophageal atresia: abnormalities in partitioning of the oesophagus and trachea. Fistulas may also persist - The proximal blind ended oesophagus, and a tracheoesophageal fistula to the distal part of the oesophagus is the most common type (90%). - There are two other types which are much rarer (1% each). They include: (1) a proximal fistula, and a distal blind-ended oesophagus, and (2) a fistula to the trachea from the oesophagus both distally and proximally. </video> <video> Cleft Lip vs Cleft Palate (Easy to Understand) Description: Cleft lip and cleft palate embryology explained in 2 minutes. For a thorough understanding, and if you have the time, I highly recommend you watch this video on the development of the face: https://youtu.be/cVPMjE2UA70. -------------------------------- Recommended Text -------------------------------- Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information. ---------------------------------------- Interact With Dr. Minass! ---------------------------------------- Website - https://www.drminass.com Email - info@drminass.com Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/drminass Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/M1NA55 Instagram - @m1.nass Post - Address to: Minass Parcel Locker 10106 04448 59 Penshurst Street Willoughby, NSW Australia 2068 Below are some notes for your study - I go beyond this video to explain the embryology of the face. SUMMARY FOR YOUR NOTES: How the face develops: - At the end of the forth week, facial prominences consisting primarily of neural crest-derived mesenchyme and formed mainly by the first pair of pharyngeal arches appear. - Maxillary prominences are lateral to the stomoduem - Mandibular prominences are caudal. - Frontonasal prominence is formed by proliferation of mesenchyme. - During the fifth week, the nasal placodes invaginate to form nasal pits. - During weeks 5-7 the maxillary prominences continue to grow, filling the medial part of the face, compressing the medial nasal prominences. The cleft between the medial nasal prominence and the maxillary prominence is lost, and the two fuse. - The upper lip formed by the two medial nasal prominences and the two maxillary prominences. - Lower lip and jaw form from the mandibular prominence that merge across the midline. Initially the maxillary and lateral nasal prominences are separated by a deep furrow, the nasolacrimal groove. Ectoderm in the floor of this groove forms a solid epithelial cord that detaches from the overlying ectoderm. - After canalisation, the cord forms the nasolacrimal duct; its upper end widens to form the lacrimal sac. - The nasolacrimal duct runs from the medial corner of the eye to the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity, and the maxillary prominences enlarge to form the cheeks and maxillae. - The nose is formed from the five facial prominences: the frontal prominence gives rise to the bridge, the merged medial nasal prominence provide the crest and tip and the lateral nasal prominence form the sides. Intermaxillary segment (the primary palate) - The result of medial growth of the two MNP merge not only at the surface but deeper. The structure formed is the intermaxillary segment: 1. Labial component which forms the philtrum of the upper lip 2. Upper jaw components which carries the four incisor teeth 3. A palatal component, which forms the triangular primary palate - The intermaxillary segment is continuous with the rostral portion of the nasal septum which is formed by the frontal prominence The secondary palate: - Outgrowths called the palatine shelves from the maxillary process appear during week 6. - They grow obliquely and inferiorly but end up in their horizontal position above the tongue finally during week 7-8. - The outgrowths fuse with the anterior plate from the intermaxillary segment. - The incisive foramen marks the midline between the primary and secondary palates. Nasal cavities: - During week 6 nasal pits deepen. - Oronasal membrane degenerates - The definitive choanae lies at the junction of the nasal cavity and the pharynx. - The paranasal sinuses develop as diverticula of the lateral nasal wall and extends into the maxilla, ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid bones. - They reach their full size by puberty and they contribute to the shape of the face. 0:00 Intro 0:05 Cleft Lip 0:54 Cleft Palate 2:06 High yield to do this </video> <video> Defects in the Development of the Central Nervous System (Easy to Understand) Description: Abnormalities in the development of the central nervous system explained very briefly. For a thorough understanding, and if you have the time, I highly recommend you watch this video on the development of the central nervous system: https://youtu.be/4Swn8_Jnlss -------------------------------- Recommended Text -------------------------------- Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information. ---------------------------------------- Interact With Dr. Minass! ---------------------------------------- Website - https://www.drminass.com Email - info@drminass.com Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/drminass Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/M1NA55 Instagram - @m1.nass Post - Address to: Minass Parcel Locker 10106 04448 59 Penshurst Street Willoughby, NSW Australia 2068 SUMMARY OF THE VIDEO FOR YOUR NOTES: Anencephaly - failure of anterior neuropore to close resulting in failure of brain and Holoprosencephaly - failure of prosencephalon to divide and form cerebral hemispheres - Associated with the following syndromes: 1. Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) 2. Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) 3. Severe foetal alcohol syndrome 4. Cleft lip/palate Posterior Fossa Abnormalities - Dandy-Walker syndrome - Arnold Chiari I: cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum - Arnold Chiari II: results in aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly and can present with syringomelia - symptoms present from compression of medulla oblongata and CN IX, X, and XI A quick overview of the development of the brain: 1. The notochord induces the overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form the neural plate. 2. The neural plate folds and pinches, becoming the neural tube which is open at both ends. 3. As the neural plate folds, some cells differentiate into neural crest cells and form a column of cells along both sides of the neural tube (later becomes the peripheral nervous system - PNS). 4. The rostal part of the neural tube becomes the adult brain. 5. The caudal part of the neural tube becomes the spinal cord. 6. The lumen of the neural tube gives rise to the ventricular system of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. </video> <video> Embryology of the Placenta (Easy To Understand) Description: The development of the placenta and the foetal blood circulation explained in 15 minutes. -------------------------------- Recommended Text -------------------------------- Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information. ---------------------------------------- Interact With Dr. Minass! ---------------------------------------- Website - https://www.drminass.com Email - info@drminass.com Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/drminass Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/M1NA55 Instagram - @m1.nass Post - Address to: Minass Parcel Locker 10106 04448 59 Penshurst Street Willoughby, NSW Australia 2068 Intro 0:00 Sponsor 0:17-1:31 Development of Placenta 1:31-10:44 Circulation of the Fetus 10:44-14:36 Function of the Placenta 14:36-14:46 Thank you 14:46-15:28 -------------------------------------------- MESSAGE FROM SPONSOR -------------------------------------------- Many thanks to BNX for sponsoring this video. BNX makes high-quality American made N95 masks/respirators. I wore them instead of the usual N95 masks I am required to wear and found them considerably more comfortable than the hospital grade masks that provide the same protection. They are lightweight, comfortable, and lint-free. Use the links below to check it out, and don't forget to use the code L5YCZTEC for a discount: https://bnx.com/made-in-usa/n95-mask-respirators-kn95-face-masks BNX Air Filters Found Here: https://bnx.com/made-in-usa/merv-13-air-filters/ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ SUMMARY OF THE VIDEO FOR YOUR NOTES ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Placenta development begins during implantation of the blastula. This blastula contains an inner and outer cell mass. The inner cell mass further is differentiated into the epiblast, which the 3 germ layers are derived from, and the hypoblast. The outer cell mass contains the trophoblast cells, and it is the trophoblast that forms the placenta Once implantation begins by about day 6, the trophoblast cells interact invade the epithelium of the uterus. This invasion is deep, and by day 8 the trophoblast will differentiate into the syncytiotrophoblast and the cytotrophoblast. Syncytiotrophoblast produces human chorionic gonadotropin hCG by week 2 and this is what is tested on pregnancy tests By day 9 lacunae form within the syncytiotrophoblast. As the syncytiotrophoblast continues to invade and erode materal tissues, blood is now allowed to enter the lacunae from the spiral arteries, and thus the earliest fetal circulation is established by the end of week 2. As this occurs the cytotrophoblast forms the primary chorionic villi which penetrate the syncytiotrophoblast again. Soon, extraembryonic mesoderm will grow into the primary chorionic vili to form secondary coronic vili, and they become tertiary villi when embryonic blood vessels form into the embryonic mesoderm. The tertiary villi grow towards the decidua basalis which is the maternal component of the placenta and anchor into it. These anchoring villi further grow into the intervillous space to increase the surface area between maternal and foetal placenta to increase the amount of nutrient exchange. These villi are called branching vili, and this is exactly how you should imagine it. The branching villi spread around to increase the surface area for nutrient and metabolite absorption from the maternal circulation. Cytotrophoblast cells invade maternal spiral arteries replacing the maternal endothelium, this is important as these cells are now larger in diameter thus reducing the resistance of blood flow to the foetus. When the cytotrophpoblast do not completely differentiate in this way, pre-eclampsia can occur which can have disastrous consequences for mother and baby. The ductus arteriosus is important when treating some life threatening congenital heart defects. One example is when a baby is born with transposition of the great arteries. In this condition, the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk are switched, leading to an inability for oxygenated blood to leave the pulmonary circulation and enter the systemic circulation. Prostaglandin E2 is often administered to maintain the patency of the ductus arteriosus until a surgical correction can be made. This allows for blood to mix between the two distinct circulatory circuits. There are three shunts in the blood circulation of a foetus. These are the ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus, and the foramen ovale. </video> <video> Embryology of the Female & Male Reproductive System II (Easy to Understand) Description: The development of the external reproductive system (male, female, and variations) explained in 15 minutes. If you are completely new to embryology and you want to understand it quickly, this should be the first video you watch: - https://youtu.be/l5gUARhXWTY -------------------------------- Recommended Text -------------------------------- Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information. ---------------------------------------- Interact With Dr. Minass! ---------------------------------------- Website - https://www.drminass.com Email - info@drminass.com Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/drminass Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/M1NA55 Instagram - @m1.nass Post - Address to: Minass Parcel Locker 10106 04448 59 Penshurst Street Willoughby, NSW Australia 2068 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ SUMMARY OF THE VIDEO FOR YOUR NOTES ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. The indifferent stage - In week 3 of development, mesenchyme cells coming from the primitive streak migrate to the region around the cloacal membrane forming cloacal folds - Superiorly to this membrane, the folds will fuse to form the genital tubercle - Inferiorly to the folds, they will form the urethral folds and the anal folds - Genital swellings appear lateral to the urethral folds - Sex cannot be determined until week 7 2. Male external genitalia development - Testosterone signals the genital tubercle to grow rapidly becoming the phallus. This elongation will pull the urethral folds with it and by week 12 the folds fuse and contain a lumen called the urethra - Ectoderm cells invade the urethra keeping it solid at the distal end, but later the urethra will canalise to be a patent lumen - The genital swellings are the scrotal swellings, they move inferiorly. - In the male the urethral folds will fuse - Hypospadias are the result of an incomplete fusion of the urethral folds 3. Female external genitalia development - Oestrogen enables the development of the external genitalia in females. - The genital tubercle will become the clitoris - The urethral folds develop into the labia minora - The genital swellings will become the labia majora 4. Variations - Ambiguous genitalia - ?Hermaphrodites - Ovotestes - both ovarian and testicular tissue present. 70% of the time the genitalia are ambiguous or mostly female - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) and reduced steroid formation - Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) - males but lack of either androgen receptors, or unable to respond to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) - Complete androgen insensitivity syndorme (CAIS) - vagina is present but short, testes found in inguinal or labial regions but spermatogenesis does not occur. (increased risk of testicular cancer/malignancy) - 5-alpha-reductase deficiency - unable to convert testosterone to DHT - Klinefelter syndrome - Swyer syndrome (gonadal dysgenesis) - Turner syndrome </video> <video> Embryology of the Eye (Easy to Understand) Description: The development of the eyes explained in 15 minutes. If you are completely new to embryology and you want to understand it quickly, this should be the first video you watch: - https://youtu.be/l5gUARhXWTY Post any questions you have about the video below, I read all the comments: -------------------------------- Recommended Text -------------------------------- Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information. ---------------------------------------- Interact With Dr. Minass! ---------------------------------------- Website - https://www.drminass.com Email - info@drminass.com Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/drminass Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/M1NA55 Instagram - @m1.nass Post - Address to: Minass Parcel Locker 10106 04448 59 Penshurst Street Willoughby, NSW Australia 2068 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ SUMMARY OF THE VIDEO FOR YOUR NOTES ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Development of the eye is a little bit more complex than most of the organs already discussed, but as usual we will break it down simply so that we can make it easy to understand. The eye is first noticed in week three of development. Just like the development of ears are marked with the appearance of an otic placode and then an otic vesicle, the eyes are marked by the appearance of the optic placode and vesicle on either side of the embryo. As the anterior and posterior neuropores close (see CNS section), the optic placodes will form into the optic vesicles. The optic placodes are developed from neural tube (ectoderm). The optic vesicles grow until they touch the ectoderm of the skin of the embryo. The lens’ then initiate their formation, at which point the vesicle evaginates to form the optic cup. The optic cup has two layers: an inner and an outer layer. The outer layer is the pigmented layer of the retina, and the inner layer is the neural layer. In week seven, the optic cup begins to form the pupil. The actual lens itself is developed from the surface ectoderm as a lens placode, and by week five detaches itself from the surface ectoderm and is in its position inside the optic cup. The pars optica retinae is the outermost layer of the inner layer and will contain the rods and cones. Next to the pars optica retinae is the mantle layer which develops into the neurons of the eye (outer nuclear, inner nuclear, and ganglion layers). The axons of these nerves are on the surface and they join together to form the optic nerve (CNII). The most anterior portion of the inner layer has a one cell coating (pars ceca retinae) which will form both the pars iridica retinae (the inner layer of the iris) and the pars ciliaris retinae (becomes the ciliary body). The pars ciliaris retinae continually folds to give it its characteristic appearance and the ciliary muscle will eventually control the lens in response to light and other stimuli. The dilator pupillae and the sphincter of the eye form in the epithelial cells contained within the surface and the optic cup. There is another inner and outer layer for you to remember now. By week six, the tissue that surrounds the developing eye will transform into an inner and outer layer. The inner layer will become a tissue resembling the pia mater, and the outer layer resembles the dura mater. The pia mater portion differentiates into the choroid, whereas the dura mater portion will become the sclera. The anterior chamber forms when there is degeneration of the tissue that yet again forms an inner and outer layer. The inner layer is the iridopupillary membrane (which completely degenerates anterior to the lens) and the outer layer is the substantia propria. The cornea is made from the substantia propria, an epithelial layer from the ectoderm, and the epithelium shared with the anterior chamber. The posterior chamber is bordered by the iris and ciliary body. Both anterior and posterior chambers are in open communication with each other through the pupil, and both contain aqueous humor that continually circulates. Between the retina and the lens, the vitreous body is formed by infiltrating tissue that initially surrounds the optic cup. </video> <video> Gastroschisis vs Omphalocele (Easy to Understand) Description: The differences between gastroschisis and omphalocele in 5 minutes. For a thorough understanding, watch this video on the development of the gastrointestinal system (especially the part about physiological umbilical herniation): - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbVOIR5QaLc. If you are completely new to embryology and you want to understand it quickly, this should be the first video you watch: - https://youtu.be/l5gUARhXWTY -------------------------------- Recommended Text -------------------------------- Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information. ---------------------------------------- Interact With Dr. Minass! ---------------------------------------- Website - https://www.drminass.com Email - info@drminass.com Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/drminass Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/M1NA55 Instagram - @m1.nass Post - Address to: Minass Parcel Locker 10106 04448 59 Penshurst Street Willoughby, NSW Australia 2068 Below are some notes for your study - I go beyond this video to explain the embryology of the face. SUMMARY FOR YOUR NOTES: Omphalocele - Herniation of the abdominal contents through an enlarged umbilical opening - Contents includes liver, intestines, stomach, spleen, gallbladder, all of which are covered by the amnion - Defect occurs when there is a failure of the bowel to return to the body cavity during physiological herniation - Physiological herniation is a “normal” type of herniation in the development of the GIT where the intestines rotates outside of the body cavity since there is not enough room for them to grow, subsequent enlargement of the body cavity allows the ingress of the intestines back into the body - 2.5 in 10000 and associated with 25% mortality, severe anomalies including neural tube defects and cardiac defects - Can be detected by US and associated with elevated AFP - Some associations with chromosomal abnormalities Gastroschisis - Protrusion of the abdominal contents, directly through the body wall into the amniotic cavity and this is why they are not covered by amnion - Does not involve the umbilicus, but is usually occurring to the right of it. - It is due to a failure of normal closure of the body wall around the connecting stalk - Since the protruding organs are not covered by peritoneum or amnion, the bowel may be injured easily by the amniotic fluid - Not associated with chromosome abnormalities, or other severe defects and thus has improved survival rate compared to omphalocele - However these babies are prone to volvulus and subsequent ischaemic gut which may lead to death - Most common in babies born by thin young women less than 20 years - Can be picked up by US - Elevated afp </video>

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Dr. Minass is a medical doctor that practices in a major hospital in Sydney, Australia. On this channel you will find educational medical videos that are simplified for easy understanding.

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Recommended Text
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Easy Embryology is a book that is dedicated to the simplification of embryology. It is available at https://drminass.com/product/easyembryology. Contact Dr. Minass for more information.

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