Channel Title: SandRhoman History Channel Description: We want to entertain people with history which is entertaining, visually pleasing and grounded in scholarship at the same time. Our golden rules: 1) We only use academic sources and always try to stick to the consensus opinion. 2) We always list our sources in description of our videos. 3) We make clear when we deviate from the prior two rules. Education: Between the two of us we hold two Master's degrees in history from the university of Bern and one degree as a history teacher from the Bern University of Teacher Education. Both of us worked at the University of Bern as teaching assistants. We wrote an article about our experience as content creators (ed. by Dr. Kilian Baur and Robert Trautmannsberger): https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110792898-005/html We also held a few talks about our journey on YouTube at the universities of Eichstätt, Fribourg and Zürich. We taught a seminar about history on YouTube at the University of Zurich in spring of 2024. <video> Bringing in the Big Guns: How Western Artillery Transformed Chinese Warfare in the 17th Century Description: At the beginning of the 17th century, a new power challenged the Chinese Ming dynasty. The mobile and powerful troops of this new contender, the later Manchu, caused major difficulties for the Chinese armies. Only after several defeats did they find a way to stand up to them—they equipped their border fortresses with Western-style artillery. But would this new weapon be enough to ward off the threat from the north? In this video, we look at how Western artillery influenced the war between the Ming and the Qing and ultimately proved a decisive factor in this clash of dynasties. Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/sandrhomanhistory Paypal (thank you: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/SandRhomanhistory Twitter: https://twitter.com/Sandrhoman Some must read mlitary history books: Ambrose, S. E., Band of Brothers: E Company, 2001. https://amzn.to/438ltvZ Baime, A. J., The Accidental President: Harry S. Truman, 2017. https://amzn.to/3TcDGUj Beard, M., Emperor of Rome: Ruling the Ancient Roman World, 2023. https://amzn.to/49L2olR Bevoor, A., Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942-1943, 1999. https://amzn.to/4a4rqwe Beevor, A., The Second World War, 2013. https://amzn.to/3wNFITu Brennan, P+D., Gettysburg in Color, 2022. https://amzn.to/48LGldG Clausewitz, C., On War, 2010. https://amzn.to/3Vblf5 Kaushik, R., A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: 10,000 BCE–1500 CE, 2021. https://amzn.to/49Mtqt7 McPherson, J., Battle Cry of Freedom, The Civil War Era, 2021. https://amzn.to/3TseYAW Tsu, S., The Art of War, 2007, https://amzn.to/3TuknHA Sledge. E. B., With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa, 2008. https://amzn.to/439olIK Pomerantsev, P., How to Win an Information War, 2024. https://amzn.to/3Ts0YqQ Bibliography Black, Jeremy, Military Strategy. A Global History, New Haven/London 2020. Boxer, C. R., Portuguese Military Expeditions in Aid of the Mings Against the Manchus, 1621-1647, in: Hsia Monthly, Aug. 1938, pp. 24-36. Cosmo, Nicola di, Did Guns Matter? Firearms in the Qing Formation, in: Lynn A. Struve (ed.), The Qing Formation in World Historical Time (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2004), pp. 121-166. Cosmo, Nicola di (ed.), The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China. My service in the army by Dzengmeo, New York 2006. Lococo, Paul, The Qing Empire, in: Graff, David A./Higham, Robin (eds.), A Military History of China, Lexington 2012, pp. 115-134. Swope, Kenneth M., The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44, London/New York 2014. Swope, Kenneth M., Bringing in the Big Guns. On the use of artillery in the Ming-Manchu war, in: Lorge, Peter A. / Roy, Kaushik (eds.), Chinese and Indian Warfare from the Classical Age to 1870, London/New York 2015, pp. 134-145. Wakeman, Frederic, The Great Enterprise. The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, vol. 1, Berkeley/Los Angeles 1985 </video> <video> 4 Ways Women Took Part in Sieges (and Sometimes Even Decided Them) Description: To get started with unlimited stock media downloads at one set price, head to https://storyblocks.com/sandrhoman. Few had as much at stake during a siege as the women. When a city was conquered, the women were treated as spoils of war. They lost all rights and were sold into slavery, mistreated, and humiliated. For the women of a besieged city, everything was at stake. Therefore, they took an active part in the defense. Many ancient sources indicate that women built walls, took on logistical tasks, and even fought in active combat—in most cases by throwing roof tiles and stones at the attackers. Nevertheless, the role that women played in sieges in antiquity is still poorly understood. To shed some light on the subject, we will look at four of the most important ways women took part in sieges in ancient Greece—and sometimes even decided them. Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/sandrhomanhistory Paypal (thank you: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/SandRhomanhistory Twitter: https://twitter.com/Sandrhoman Some must read mlitary history books: Ambrose, S. E., Band of Brothers: E Company, 2001. https://amzn.to/438ltvZ Baime, A. J., The Accidental President: Harry S. Truman, 2017. https://amzn.to/3TcDGUj Beard, M., Emperor of Rome: Ruling the Ancient Roman World, 2023. https://amzn.to/49L2olR Bevoor, A., Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942-1943, 1999. https://amzn.to/4a4rqwe Beevor, A., The Second World War, 2013. https://amzn.to/3wNFITu Brennan, P+D., Gettysburg in Color, 2022. https://amzn.to/48LGldG Clausewitz, C., On War, 2010. https://amzn.to/3Vblf5 Kaushik, R., A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: 10,000 BCE–1500 CE, 2021. https://amzn.to/49Mtqt7 McPherson, J., Battle Cry of Freedom, The Civil War Era, 2021. https://amzn.to/3TseYAW Tsu, S., The Art of War, 2007, https://amzn.to/3TuknHA Sledge. E. B., With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa, 2008. https://amzn.to/439olIK Pomerantsev, P., How to Win an Information War, 2024. https://amzn.to/3Ts0YqQ Bibliography Barry, W.D., Roof Tiles and Urban Violence in the Ancient World, in: GRBS 37 (1996), pp. 55- 74. Cogan, M., Ripping Open Pregnant Women. in Light of an Assyrian Analogue, in: JAOS 103 (1983), pp. 755-757. Kuhrt, A., Women and War, in: Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity 2 (2001), pp. 1-25. Loman, Pasi, No Woman no War. Women's Participation in Ancient Greek Warfare, in: Greece & Rome 51 (2004), pp. 34-54. Martinez Morales, Jennifer, Women, Diversity, and War off the Battlefield in Classical Greece, in: Konijnendijk, R., Kucewicz, C., Lloyd, M. (eds.), Brill's Companion to Greek Land Warfare Beyond the Phalanx, Leiden / Boston 2021, pp. 122-144. Martinez Morales, Jennifer, Women on the Walls? The Role and Impact of Women in Classical Greek Sieges, in: Armstrong, Jeremy/Trundle, Matthew (eds.), Brill's Companion to Sieges in the Ancient Mediterranean, Leiden/Boston 2019, pp. 150-168. Richmond, J.A., Spies in Ancient Greece, in: G&R 45 (1998), pp. 1-18. Russell, Frank S., Information Gathering in Classical Greece, Ann Arbor 1999, p. 109. </video> <video> Eastern vs Western Siegecraft: When the Chinese Besieged a Russian Star Fortress in 1686 Description: Don’t sleep on solving your internet problems while travelling and go to https://Saily.com/sandrhoman and use the code sandrhoman to get an exclusive 15% off your first purchase. In 1686, Chinese cannons bombarded the Russian fortress of Albazin for several weeks. The Qing Kangxi Emperor had sent an army to the frigid and inhospitable east of Siberia to capture the fortress and stop the expansion of the Tsardom of Russia in the region. But despite relentless bombardment, superior numbers, and ferocious assaults, his troops still struggled to capture the fortress. This was not due to any fundamental inferiority of the Chinese forces to the Tsardom’s troops. Instead, the trouble arose from the clash of Eastern siege methods with a Western-style star fortress with bastions. Chinese siege tactics differed significantly from those practiced in the West, which typically featured massive fortifications with bastions, systematic trench digging, and the use of heavy artillery. In this video, we’ll investigate the reasons for these differences and examine how early modern Chinese siege warfare differed from that in Europe. Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/sandrhomanhistory Paypal (thank you: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/SandRhomanhistory Twitter: https://twitter.com/Sandrhoman Some must read mlitary history books: Ambrose, S. E., Band of Brothers: E Company, 2001. https://amzn.to/438ltvZ Baime, A. J., The Accidental President: Harry S. Truman, 2017. https://amzn.to/3TcDGUj Beard, M., Emperor of Rome: Ruling the Ancient Roman World, 2023. https://amzn.to/49L2olR Bevoor, A., Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942-1943, 1999. https://amzn.to/4a4rqwe Beevor, A., The Second World War, 2013. https://amzn.to/3wNFITu Brennan, P+D., Gettysburg in Color, 2022. https://amzn.to/48LGldG Clausewitz, C., On War, 2010. https://amzn.to/3Vblf5 Kaushik, R., A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: 10,000 BCE–1500 CE, 2021. https://amzn.to/49Mtqt7 McPherson, J., Battle Cry of Freedom, The Civil War Era, 2021. https://amzn.to/3TseYAW Tsu, S., The Art of War, 2007, https://amzn.to/3TuknHA Sledge. E. B., With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa, 2008. https://amzn.to/439olIK Pomerantsev, P., How to Win an Information War, 2024. https://amzn.to/3Ts0YqQ Bibliography Andrade, Tonio, Siegecraft in Ming and Qing China, in: Fischer-Kattner, Anke / Ostwald, Jamel (Eds.), The World of the Siege. Representations of Early Modern Positional Warfare, Leiden/Boston 2019, pp. 243-264. Andrade, Tonio, The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton 2016. Andrade, Tonio, Lost Colony. The Untold Story of China's First Great Victory over the West, Princeton 2011. Chung, Michael Yan Hon, The Introduction of European-Style Artillery and the Reform of Siege Tactics in 17th Century China-a Case Study of the Tragedy of Jiangyin (1645), in: Journal of Chinese Military History 9 (2020), pp. 1-37. De Lucca, Denis, Jesuits and Fortifications: The Contribution of the Jesuits to Military Architecture in the Baroque Age, Leiden 2012. </video> <video> Soldiers of Fortune: When Did War Become a Business? (feat. Prof. Morillo) Description: The first 200 people will get 20% off an annual membership to Imprint. Drop your doomscrolling habit here: https://imprintapp.com/SandRhoman_History_LIB_1 The names of the first recorded mercenaries in history might have been UG-ni-ˇsa, Warad-Sîn, or Namram-ˇsar¯ur. But if you look up any publicly accessible book about mercenaries, you’ll find other examples mentioned, like Nu.Banda Mardune, an Amorite captain in the service of Sargon of Akkad in the 24th and 23rd century BC, or the Sherden Sea Pirates. What both these examples have in common is that they might have been “soldiers who voluntarily fought for profit.” That’s the definition of mercenaries provided by most dictionaries, but the expert joining us today has a different take. “That’s again that sloppy use of, ‘ah they hired some people, that makes them mercenaries.’ But that’s such a loose use of the term— mercenaries. It confuses more than it clarifies.” This is Stephen Morillo, an expert on defining different types of military service. We thank him for agreeing to an interview with us. With his help, we’re going to explain who actually qualifies as a mercenary and who doesn’t. Then, we’re going to dig deep into the archaeological records and search for the true beginning of what is often labeled the second-oldest profession in history. Chapters: 00:00 The Names of the First Mercenaries (Intro) 01:11 The First Mercenaries in History 04:14 What is a Mercenary, actually? 16:08 The Earliest Records of Mercenaries in History 20:06 A Small Army of True Mercenaries? Full length interview with prof. Morillo: https://www.patreon.com/posts/full-lenght-with-109090428?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/sandrhomanhistory Paypal (thank you: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/SandRhomanhistory Twitter: https://twitter.com/Sandrhoman Some must read mlitary history books: Ambrose, S. E., Band of Brothers: E Company, 2001. https://amzn.to/438ltvZ Baime, A. J., The Accidental President: Harry S. Truman, 2017. https://amzn.to/3TcDGUj Beard, M., Emperor of Rome: Ruling the Ancient Roman World, 2023. https://amzn.to/49L2olR Bevoor, A., Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942-1943, 1999. https://amzn.to/4a4rqwe Beevor, A., The Second World War, 2013. https://amzn.to/3wNFITu Brennan, P+D., Gettysburg in Color, 2022. https://amzn.to/48LGldG Clausewitz, C., On War, 2010. https://amzn.to/3Vblf5 Kaushik, R., A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: 10,000 BCE–1500 CE, 2021. https://amzn.to/49Mtqt7 McPherson, J., Battle Cry of Freedom, The Civil War Era, 2021. https://amzn.to/3TseYAW Tsu, S., The Art of War, 2007, https://amzn.to/3TuknHA Sledge. E. B., With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa, 2008. https://amzn.to/439olIK Pomerantsev, P., How to Win an Information War, 2024. https://amzn.to/3Ts0YqQ Bibliography: Cline, E. H. and O’Connor, D. (2011) “The Mystery of the Sea Peoples,” in O’Connor, David and Quirke, Mysterious Lands (2011) 107–39. Cohen, M. E., A Small Old Babylonian Army of A-pí-ru-ú in: Ann Guinan et al. (editor): If a Man Builds a Joyful House: Assyriological Studies in Honor of Erle Verdun Leichty 2006, p. 63–86. Burckhardt, L. (Basle) and Campbell, J. Brian (Belfast), “Mercenaries”, in: Brill’s New Pauly, Antiquity, English Edition by: Christine F. Salazar, Classical Tradition volumes edited by: Manfred Landfester, English Edition by: Francis G. Gentry. Online. Emanuel, J., Šrdn of the Sea: A Reassessment of the Sherden and their Role in Egyptian Society (Archaeological Institute of America Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, 2012). Hamblin, J. W., Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History, 2006. Hall, J. Brouwers, J., Mercenaries in the ancient world, in Ancient World Magazine. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dIeqnKonwIw Hebblewhite, M. and Whately, C., Brill’s Companion to Bodyguards in the Ancient Mediterranean https://brill.com/display/title/63599 Luraghi, Nino Traders, Pirates, Warriors: The Proto-History of Greek Mercenary Soldiers in theEastern Mediterranean, 2006, Vol. 60, No. 1/2 (Spring - Summer, 2006), pp.21-47. Morillo, S., Mercenaries, mamluks and militia - towards a cross-cultural typology of military service, France, John (editor), The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages (History of Warfare, Band: 47) 2008, pp. 243–260. Singer, P. W., Corporate Warriors. The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. Updated Edition, 2008. Taulbee, J. L., Reflections on the mercenary option, Small Wars & Insurgencies Volume 9, 1998 - Issue 2, pp. 145-163. Yalichev, S., Mercenaries of the Ancient World, 2002. </video> <video> Warfare in Ancient Persia 550 BC–330 BC Description: “The Persian Empire was a creature of war.” It rose from the ashes of the Assyrian Empire, rapidly absorbed the Near East through violent conquest, and dominated the region until Alexander the Great destroyed it in the second half of the 4th century BC. At first, the Persians were part of the Median Empire, but in 550 BC, Cyrus the Great of the House of Achaemenes forcefully seized the throne, paving the way for the Achaemenid Dynasty, which would rule Persia for more than 200 years. The success of the Achaemenid Empire was largely due to its vast, effective, and well-organized, military force. At the head of this force marched the infamous immortals—the Persian elite heavy infantry. The Achaemenids were the first to make the cavalry their central striking force, rely on large-scale naval warfare, and use size to guarantee success. But what exactly did their armies look like and how did they fight? Those questions puzzle historians to this day. In this video, we’ll explore what we actually know about the armies of the Achaemenid Empire, including how they fought and what was the key to their success. Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/sandrhomanhistory Paypal (thank you: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/SandRhomanhistory Twitter: https://twitter.com/Sandrhoman Some must read mlitary history books: Ambrose, S. E., Band of Brothers: E Company, 2001. https://amzn.to/438ltvZ Baime, A. J., The Accidental President: Harry S. Truman, 2017. https://amzn.to/3TcDGUj Beard, M., Emperor of Rome: Ruling the Ancient Roman World, 2023. https://amzn.to/49L2olR Bevoor, A., Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942-1943, 1999. https://amzn.to/4a4rqwe Beevor, A., The Second World War, 2013. https://amzn.to/3wNFITu Brennan, P+D., Gettysburg in Color, 2022. https://amzn.to/48LGldG Clausewitz, C., On War, 2010. https://amzn.to/3Vblf5 Kaushik, R., A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: 10,000 BCE–1500 CE, 2021. https://amzn.to/49Mtqt7 McPherson, J., Battle Cry of Freedom, The Civil War Era, 2021. https://amzn.to/3TseYAW Tsu, S., The Art of War, 2007, https://amzn.to/3TuknHA Sledge. E. B., With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa, 2008. https://amzn.to/439olIK Pomerantsev, P., How to Win an Information War, 2024. https://amzn.to/3Ts0YqQ Bibliography Archer, Christon I./Ferris, John R./Herwig, Holger H./Travers, Timothy H. E., World History of Warfare, Lincoln 2002 Briant, Pierre, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Winona Lake 2002. Ferril, Arther, The Origins of War. From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great, Boulder 1997. Hassan, Christopher, Structure of the Army and Logistics, in: in: Jacobs, Bruno / Rollinger, Robert (Eds), Blackwell Companion to the Achaemenid Empire, p. 1151-1160. Konijnendijk, Roel, Legitimization of War, in: Jacobs, Bruno / Rollinger, Robert (Eds), Blackwell Companion to the Achaemenid Empire, p. 1141-1150. Tuplin, Christopher / Jacobs, Bruno, Military Organization and Equipment, in: Jacobs, Bruno / Rollinger, Robert (Eds), Blackwell Companion to the Achaemenid Empire, p. 1161-1182. Tuplin, Christopher, Mercenaries, in: Blackwell Companion to the Achaemenid Empire, p. 1183-1198. </video> <video> What Motivated Soldiers to Be the First to Climb the Siege Ladder? Description: Being the first on the wall in a siege often meant certain death. It involved battling through to the wall, climbing an exposed ladder or siege tower through a hail of projectiles, only to meet a superior force of defenders upon reaching the top. Nevertheless, brave men in antiquity and the Middle Ages repeatedly took on this daunting challenge. They even competed against each other for the privilege, because everyone wanted to scale the defenses and face the enemy first. In this video, we ask why the soldiers of ancient Rome were willing to face death to be the first on the wall. Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/sandrhomanhistory Paypal (thank you: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/SandRhomanhistory Twitter: https://twitter.com/Sandrhoman Some must read mlitary history books: Ambrose, S. E., Band of Brothers: E Company, 2001. https://amzn.to/438ltvZ Baime, A. J., The Accidental President: Harry S. Truman, 2017. https://amzn.to/3TcDGUj Beard, M., Emperor of Rome: Ruling the Ancient Roman World, 2023. https://amzn.to/49L2olR Bevoor, A., Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942-1943, 1999. https://amzn.to/4a4rqwe Beevor, A., The Second World War, 2013. https://amzn.to/3wNFITu Brennan, P+D., Gettysburg in Color, 2022. https://amzn.to/48LGldG Clausewitz, C., On War, 2010. https://amzn.to/3Vblf5 Kaushik, R., A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: 10,000 BCE–1500 CE, 2021. https://amzn.to/49Mtqt7 McPherson, J., Battle Cry of Freedom, The Civil War Era, 2021. https://amzn.to/3TseYAW Tsu, S., The Art of War, 2007, https://amzn.to/3TuknHA Sledge. E. B., With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa, 2008. https://amzn.to/439olIK Pomerantsev, P., How to Win an Information War, 2024. https://amzn.to/3Ts0YqQ Bibliography Büttner, Anita, Untersuchungen über Ursprung und Entwicklung von Auszeichnungen im römischen Heer, in: BJ 157 (1957), pp. 127-180. Le Bohec, Yann, s. v. Auszeichungen, Militärische, in: Der Neue Pauly Online http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_dnp_e209930 [Last accessed on: 15.08.2024.]. Maxfield, Valerie A., The Military Decorations of the Roman Army, Berkeley/Los Angeles 1981. Wardle, David, s. v. Virtus, in: Der Neue Pauly Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_dnp_e12205670 [last accessed on 19.08.24]. </video> <video> Soldiers of Fortune: England's Most Renowned Free Company Description: Drop your doomscrolling habit: Go to the link: https://imprintapp.com/SandRhoman_History_LIB_1 to get 20% off an annual membership This is the story of how a band of English mercenaries revolutionized tactics in Italy, came to dominate Renaissance politics, and arguably laid the foundation for the age of the condottieri. It is the story of the White Company and the cunning John Hawkwood—acute general, loyal Englishman, and, most importantly, endlessly avaricious mercenary. Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/sandrhomanhistory Paypal (thank you: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/SandRhomanhistory Twitter: https://twitter.com/Sandrhoman Some must read mlitary history books: Ambrose, S. E., Band of Brothers: E Company, 2001. https://amzn.to/438ltvZ Baime, A. J., The Accidental President: Harry S. Truman, 2017. https://amzn.to/3TcDGUj Beard, M., Emperor of Rome: Ruling the Ancient Roman World, 2023. https://amzn.to/49L2olR Bevoor, A., Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942-1943, 1999. https://amzn.to/4a4rqwe Beevor, A., The Second World War, 2013. https://amzn.to/3wNFITu Brennan, P+D., Gettysburg in Color, 2022. https://amzn.to/48LGldG Clausewitz, C., On War, 2010. https://amzn.to/3Vblf5 Kaushik, R., A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: 10,000 BCE–1500 CE, 2021. https://amzn.to/49Mtqt7 McPherson, J., Battle Cry of Freedom, The Civil War Era, 2021. https://amzn.to/3TseYAW Tsu, S., The Art of War, 2007, https://amzn.to/3TuknHA Sledge. E. B., With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa, 2008. https://amzn.to/439olIK Pomerantsev, P., How to Win an Information War, 2024. https://amzn.to/3Ts0YqQ Bibliography: Caferro, W., Articles, Warfare and Economy in Renaissance Italy, 1350-1450, In: The Journal of Interdisciplinary History vol. 39 (2008) p. 167-210. Caferro, William P., Hawkwood: Florentine Hero and Faithful Englishman, in: The Hundred Years War. Different vistas p. 295-328. Caferro, William P., "The fox and the lion": the White Company and the Hundred Years War in Italy, In: The Hundred Years War. A wider focus, 2005 p. 179-210. Caferro, William P., Slaying the hydra-headed beast: Italy and the companies of adventure in the fourteenth century, In: Crusaders, condottieri and cannon, 2003, p. 285-304. Fowler, K., Medieval Mercenaries, 2001. Mallet, M., Mercenaries and their Master. Warfare in Renaissance Italy, 1974. Mallet, M. s. v. Mercenaries in: Maurice Keen, Medieval Warfare. A history, 1999, pp. 209-229. Savy, N. s. v. Great Company, in Clifford J. Rogers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, 2010. Knödler, J., s. v. Brabancons in Clifford J. Rogers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, 2010. </video> <video> When the Chinese Besieged a Dutch Star Fortress – The (Staggering) Siege of Zeelandia 1661/62 Description: Play War Thunder now with my link, and get a massive, free bonus pack including vehicles, boosters and more: https://playwt.link/sandrhomanhistory24 War Thunder is a highly detailed vehicle combat game containing over 2000 playable tanks, aircrafts and ships spanning over 100 years of development. Immerse yourself completely in dynamic battles with an unparalleled combination of realism and approachability On a misty morning in 1661, the cannons of the Chinese warlord Koxinga opened fire on Fort Zeelandia. This marked the beginning of a siege that pitched a Western star fortress against a determined, disciplined, and numerically superior Chinese army. The siege lasted almost a year and was characterized by hunger and disease, complex terrain, and spectacular firefights. The stakes were high, as Formosa, modern-day Taiwan, was one of the most important Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia, and Koxinga desperately needed a safe base from the civil war raging on the Chinese mainland. This is how modern historiography tells the story of the staggering siege of Zeelandia. Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/sandrhomanhistory Paypal (thank you: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/SandRhomanhistory Twitter: https://twitter.com/Sandrhoman Some must read mlitary history books: Ambrose, S. E., Band of Brothers: E Company, 2001. https://amzn.to/438ltvZ Baime, A. J., The Accidental President: Harry S. Truman, 2017. https://amzn.to/3TcDGUj Beard, M., Emperor of Rome: Ruling the Ancient Roman World, 2023. https://amzn.to/49L2olR Bevoor, A., Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942-1943, 1999. https://amzn.to/4a4rqwe Beevor, A., The Second World War, 2013. https://amzn.to/3wNFITu Brennan, P+D., Gettysburg in Color, 2022. https://amzn.to/48LGldG Clausewitz, C., On War, 2010. https://amzn.to/3Vblf5 Kaushik, R., A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: 10,000 BCE–1500 CE, 2021. https://amzn.to/49Mtqt7 McPherson, J., Battle Cry of Freedom, The Civil War Era, 2021. https://amzn.to/3TseYAW Tsu, S., The Art of War, 2007, https://amzn.to/3TuknHA Sledge. E. B., With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa, 2008. https://amzn.to/439olIK Pomerantsev, P., How to Win an Information War, 2024. https://amzn.to/3Ts0YqQ Bibliography Andrade, Tonio, How Taiwan Became Chinese : Dutch, Spanish and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century, New York 2008. Andrade, Tonio, Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China’s First Great Victory Over the West, Princeton 2011. Andrade, Tonio, The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton 2016. Clements, Jonathan, Coxinga and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty, Stroud 2004. Manthorpe, Jonathan, Forbidden nation. A history of Taiwan, New York 2009. Coyett, Frederick, [First published 1675 in 't verwaerloosde Formosa]. “Arrival and Victory of Koxinga". In Campbell, William (ed.). Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island, London 1903. </video> <video> The Golden Age of the Condottieri: The Powerhouse of the Renaissance Mercenary Market Description: The condottieri were Italian mercenary leaders and military entrepreneurs. In their golden age, they controlled much of Italy’s military power, and it was almost impossible to wage war without them. Their enemies feared their battle prowess and their allies appreciated their support, but both were equally wary of their capriciousness. Let’s explore how these influential military entrepreneurs shaped Italy’s history and how they dominated its battlefields for over 200 years. Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/sandrhomanhistory Paypal (thank you: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/SandRhomanhistory Twitter: https://twitter.com/Sandrhoman Chapters: 00:00 What are Condottieri (Intro) 00:51 From Mercenary to Military Entrepreneurs 04:01 The Golden Age of the Condottieri 16:24 The "Domestication" of the Condottieri Bibliography: Caferro, William. John Hawkwood: An English Mercenary in Fourteenth-century Italy, 2006. Caferro, W. P., The Career of John Hawkwood, in: Medieval Warfare, Warfare and mercenaries in Early Renaissance Italy 2018, pp. 6-12. Caferro, William P., slaying the hydra-headed beast: Italy and the companies of adventure in the fourteenth century, In: Crusaders, condottieri and cannon, 2003, pp. 285-304. Caferro, William P., “The fox and the lion”: the White Company and the Hundred Years War in Italy, In: The Hundred Years War. A wider focus, 2005, pp. 179-210. Caferro, W. P., John Hawkwood: Florentine Hero and Faithful Englishman, In: The Hundred Years War. Different vistas , 2008, pp. 295-328. Mallet, Michael, Mercenaries, in: Keen, M. (ed.), Medieval Warfare. A History, Oxford 1999, p. 209-229. Mallet, Michael. Mercenaries and their Masters, Bodley Head, London, 2009 (first published 1974). Norman Housely, Ch. 6 ‘European Warfare c. 1200-1320’ in Keen (1999), p. 115, 1999. Rogers, C. J., s. v. Castagnaro, battle of, in: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, 2010. </video> <video> The European Siege That Decided American Independence: The (Great) Siege of Gibraltar 1779–1783 Description: 🌎 Get an exclusive 15% discount on Saily data plans! Use code "sandrhoman" at checkout. Download the Saily app or go to https://saily.com/sandrhoman ⛵ On April 12, 1781, the Spanish opened fire on the fortress of Gibraltar. For almost two years, they had tried in vain to starve out the small British garrison. Now they resorted to more drastic measures. The following years saw the use of fireships and floating gun platforms; desperate sorties and a grand assault; seemingly impossible tunnels and spectacular innovations in the use of artillery. The stakes were high, as Great Britain was simultaneously fighting for two of its most valuable possessions: Gibraltar in the Mediterranean and its colonies in America. For this reason, the Great Siege of Gibraltar is considered the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War. Lasting over three years and seven months, the Siege of Gibraltar is considered the longest siege ever endured by British forces. Gibraltar is located on the northern side of the Strait of Gibraltar, which connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. Great Britain had conquered the peninsula, known for obvious reasons as the “Rock,” in 1704 from the Spanish, who were unable to reclaim it by either diplomatic or military means in the following decades. But when the Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, an opportunity arose. The French, who had sided with the American colonies and officially declared war on Great Britain in 1778, were faced with the problem that their fleet was too weak to fight a war overseas. Therefore, they persuaded King Charles III of Spain to come to their aid by promising to support him in the reconquest of Gibraltar and Menorca.INF This forced Britain to fight a war on two fronts: in the Old World, Spain and France threatened its possessions directly; in the New World, it slowly lost control over its colonies. The question of how Britain divided its forces was decisive not only for the outcome of the siege but also for the outcome of the American Revolutionary War. Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/sandrhomanhistory Paypal (thank you: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/SandRhomanhistory Twitter: https://twitter.com/Sandrhoman Some must read mlitary history books: Ambrose, S. E., Band of Brothers: E Company, 2001. https://amzn.to/438ltvZ Baime, A. J., The Accidental President: Harry S. Truman, 2017. https://amzn.to/3TcDGUj Beard, M., Emperor of Rome: Ruling the Ancient Roman World, 2023. https://amzn.to/49L2olR Bevoor, A., Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942-1943, 1999. https://amzn.to/4a4rqwe Beevor, A., The Second World War, 2013. https://amzn.to/3wNFITu Brennan, P+D., Gettysburg in Color, 2022. https://amzn.to/48LGldG Clausewitz, C., On War, 2010. https://amzn.to/3Vblf5 Kaushik, R., A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: 10,000 BCE–1500 CE, 2021. https://amzn.to/49Mtqt7 McPherson, J., Battle Cry of Freedom, The Civil War Era, 2021. https://amzn.to/3TseYAW Tsu, S., The Art of War, 2007, https://amzn.to/3TuknHA Sledge. E. B., With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa, 2008. https://amzn.to/439olIK Pomerantsev, P., How to Win an Information War, 2024. https://amzn.to/3Ts0YqQ Bibliography Adkins, R./Adkins L., Gibraltar. The Greatest Siege in British History, New York 2017, p. 162. Ancell, S., A journal of the blockade and siege of Gibraltar, Cork 1793. Baldry, W.Y., The sortie from Gibraltar. November 27, 1781, Journal of the Society of Army Historical Research 15 (1936), pp. 144-51. Drinkwater, J., A History of the Late Siege of Gibraltar, London 1785. McGuffie, T.H., The Siege of Gibraltar 1779-1783, London 1965. Russell, J., Gibraltar Besieged 1779-1783, London 1965. Upton, C., The Siege of Gibraltar from the Twelfth of April to the Twenty-Seventh of May, London 1781. </video> <video> We Produced a Video with 22 Students from the University of Zurich (Hoplite Revolution Debate) Description: In this video, we will look at the core arguments in the hoplite revolution debate to provide you with 1) an overview of the debate itself, 2) a glimpse into warfare in ancient Greece, and 3) evidence of why historical revisionism is necessary. To achieve this, we will follow a similar overview used in a seminar we taught at the University of Zürich in the spring of 2024. Throughout the video, the participants of this seminar will contribute the expertise they have acquired by providing critical information about the ancient primary sources they analysed during the seminar. Chapters: 00:00 Revisionism, really?! 04:21 19th Century Germany and Ancient Greece 05:39 A Hoplite Revolution? 11:53 Political Implications 16:19 Agonal Warfare (Fair War?) 22:49 Training and Discipline 25:53 Phalanx Formation 30:13 Exclusivity of Hoplites 33:04 Revisionist Battle 36:46 History is not the past. Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/sandrhomanhistory Paypal (thank you: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/SandRhomanhistory Selected Bibliography (Youtube does not allow enough characters to post it all): Bardunias, P.; Ray, F. E., Hoplites at War: A Comprehensive Analysis of Heavy Infantry Combat in the Greek World, 750-100 BCE, Jefferson 2016. Burckhardt, L., Militärgeschichte der Antike, München 2016. Burckhardt, L.; Speidel, M. A. (Hrsg.), Militärgeschichte der griechisch-römischen Antike: Lexikon (Neuer Pauly Supplemente 12), Stuttgart 2022. Echeverría, F., Hoplite and Phalanx in Archaic and Classical Greece: A Reassessment, in: Classical Philology 107/4 (Oktober 2012), S. 291-318. Echeverría, F., The Nature of Hoplite Warfare, in: Heckel, W.; Naiden, F. S.; Garvin, E. E.; Vanderspoel, J., A Companion to Greek Warfare, Hoboken 2021, S. 75-87. Fagan, G.; Trundle, M. (Hrsg.), New Perspectives on Ancient Warfare, Leiden / Boston 2010. Griffith, M., The King and Eye: The Rule of The Father in Greek Tragedy, in: Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 44 (1998), S. 20-84. Hannah, P., The warrior loutrophoroi of fifth-century Athens, in: Pritchard, D.M. (Hrsg.), War, Democracy and Culture in Classical Athens, Cambridge 2010, S. 266–303. Hanson, V. D., The Western Way of War. Infantry Battle in Classical Greece, NewYork 1989. Hanson V. D., The Other Greeks: The Family Farm and the Agrarian Roots of Western Civilization, New York 1995. Hanson, V. D., Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece, Berkeley/Los Angeles 1998. Hanson, V D., The Hoplite Narrative, in: Kagan, D.; Viggiano, G. F. (Hrsg.), Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece, Princeton 2013, S. 256–275. Kagan, D.; Viggiano, G. F. (Hrsg.), Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece, Princeton 2013. Kagan, D.; Viggiano, G. F., Introduction, in: dies. (Hrsg.) Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece, Princeton 2013, S. I-XXI. Kagan, D.; Viggiano, G. F., The Hoplite Debate, in: dies. (Hrsg.) Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece, Princeton 2013, S. 1-56. Konijnendijk, R.; Kucewicz, C.; Lloyd, M., Introduction: Beyond the Phalanx, in: Konijnendijk, R., Kucewicz, C., Lloyd, M. (Hrsg.), Brill’s Companion to Greek Land Warfare Beyond the Phalanx, Leiden / Boston 2021, S. 1-16. Konijnendijk, R., Kucewicz, C., Lloyd, M. (Hrsg.), Brill’s Companion to Greek Land Warfare Beyond the Phalanx, Leiden / Boston 2021. Konijnendijk, R., The Rise of the Greek Heavy Spearman: Going Hoplite, in: Ancient Warfare XVI/2 (2021), S. 16-2. Krentz, P., Fighting by the Rules. The Invention of the Hoplite Agon, in: Hesperia 71 (2002), p. 23-39. Krentz, P., Warfare and Hoplites, in: Shapiro, H. E. (Hrsg.), The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece, Cambridge 2007, S. 61-94. Mann, C., Militär und Kriegführung in der Antike (Enzyklopädie der griechisch-römischen Antike 9), München 2013. Raaflaub, K., s.v. Phalanx, in: Burckhardt, L.; Speidel, M. A. (Hrsg.), Militärgeschichte der griechisch-römischen Antike: Lexikon (Neuer Pauly Supplemente 12), Stuttgart 2022, Sp. 760-770. Rawlings, L., War and Warfare in Ancient Greece, in: Campbell, B.; Tritle, L. A. (Hrsg.), The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World, Oxford 2013, S. 3-28. Sabin, P.; Wees, H. van; Whitby, M. (Hrsg.), The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Volume 1: Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome, Cambridge 2007. Sears, M. A., Understanding Greek Warfare, London / New York 2019. Wolter Johann, Die Schlacht bei Leuktra 371 v.Chr., in: Kromayer, J./G. Veith (eds.), Antike Schlachtfelder IV (Berlin), pp. 290–316 Sears, M. A., Understanding Greek Warfare, London / New York 2019. Wees, H. van, Greek warfare: Myths and Realities, London 2005. Wees, H. van, Greek warfare: Myths and Realities, London 2005. Wees, H. van, Farmers and Hoplites. Models of Historical Development, Kagan, D.; Viggiano, G. F. (Hrsg.), Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece, Princeton 2013, S. 222-255. </video> <video> How Medieval Monasteries Waged War (feat. Baden State Museum) Description: Why did clergymen, who were legally not allowed to bear arms or wage war, send so many troops into battles? What role did these people play in the warfare of the time? And what did their involvement look like in practice? In this video, we will answer these questions using the example of Reichenau Abbey. To commemorate the founding of this abbey 1,300 years ago, the Baden State Museum invited to Constance in May, where Marvin Gedigk, a research assistant at the Baden State Museum and podcaster at Epochentrotter, took a few other history content creators and Roman on a tour of Reichenau and the anniversary exhibition “World Heritage of the Middle Ages.” He kindly agreed to participate in this video and provide input on the history of the Monastic Island. Many thanks, Marvin! In 981, Reichenau Abbey provided one of the largest contingents of all the abbeys in the empire: 60 heavy cavalrymen. Because of this, it is particularly well suited as a case study to show how monasteries and bishops waged war under the Ottonian Dynasty in the 10th century. Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/sandrhomanhistory Paypal (thank you: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/SandRhomanhistory Twitter: https://twitter.com/Sandrhoman Exhibition of Reichenau Abbey: https://www.ausstellung-reichenau.de/ Some images via @this_is_bruno https://www.instagram.com/this_is_bruno/?hl=en Recommende reading: The Early Middle Ages: Europe 400-1000 https://amzn.to/3ZfYEqa Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg https://amzn.to/3MBXQ7w The Carolingian World https://amzn.to/4efBJzl Bibliography Allen-Smith, Katherine, War and the Making of Medieval Monastic Culture, Woodbridge 2011. Auer, Leopold: The military service of the clergy under the Saxon emperors. In: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung 79 (1971), pp. 316-407. Bachrach, David S., The Military Organization of Ottonian Germany, c. 900-1018: The Views of Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg, in: The Journal of Military History 72 (2008) Bachrach, David S., Warfare in 10th century Germany, Woodbridge 2012. Bernhardt, John W., Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c. 936-1075, Cambridge 1993. Blockmans, Wim / Hoppenbrouwers Peter, Introduction to Medieval Europe 300-1500, London/New York3 2017. Clauss, Martin, Military History of the Middle Ages, Munich 2020 Erhart, Peter, Entanglements and Obligations. Land ownership of the old Benedictine monasteries in the diocese of Constance, in: Badisches Landesmuseum (ed.), Welterbe des Mittelalters. 1300 years of the monastery island of Reichenau, Regensburg 2024, pp. 161-176. Keller, Hagen, The Ottonians, Munich 2021. Kleinschmidt, H., s. v. Heerwesen (Germany and Holy Roman Empire), in: LexMa online http://apps.brepolis.net/lexiema/test/Default2.aspx [last accessed on 03.07.24]. Reuter, Timothy, The 'Imperial Church System' of the Ottoman and Salian Rulers: A Reconsideration, in: Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Vol. 33, No. 3, July 1982, pp. 347-374. Schieffer, Rudolf, s. v. Reichskirche, in: LexMa online http://apps.brepolis.net/lexiema/test/Default2.aspx [last accessed on 03.07.24]. Schieffer, Rudolf, s. v. Reichsklöster, in: LexMa online http://apps.brepolis.net/lexiema/test/Default2.aspx [last accessed on 03.07.24]. Werner, Karl Ferdinand, Heeresorganisation und Kriegführung im deutschen Königreich des 10. und 11. Jahrhunderts, in: Ordinamenti militari in Occidente nell'alto medioevo, vol. 2 (Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo 15, 2), Spoleto 1968, pp. 805-843. Zettler, A., s. v. Reichenau, in: LexMa online http://apps.brepolis.net/lexiema/test/Default2.aspx [last accessed on 03.07.24]. </video> <video> The Russian Alternative to Pike and Shot Warfare: Guliai-Gorod ("Wandering Town") Description: Take the battle to the Warhammer 40.000 universe and play Tacticus for free: https://play.tacticusgame.com/SandRhomanHistory The Tsardom of Russia had a very effective alternative to pike and shot warfare. In 16th-century Western Europe, pikemen defended musketeers and arquebusiers against attacks by cavalry and infantry. However, Russian armies never heavily relied on pikes. Instead, they used “wandering towns” known as Guliai-Gorod to protect their shot units. Guliai-Gorod were mobile field fortifications that provided cover for infantry and artillery and prevented enemy cavalry from charging into the Russian ranks. These mobile fortresses proved particularly effective against the Tartar hordes that dominated the steppes in the south of the Tsardom but were also effective against western pike and shot tactics. In this video, we’ll investigate this eastern alternative to pike and shot warfare and examine how they were used in battle. Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/sandrhomanhistory Paypal (thank you: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/SandRhomanhistory Twitter: https://twitter.com/Sandrhoman Some must read mlitary history books: Ambrose, S. E., Band of Brothers: E Company, 2001. https://amzn.to/438ltvZ Baime, A. J., The Accidental President: Harry S. Truman, 2017. https://amzn.to/3TcDGUj Beard, M., Emperor of Rome: Ruling the Ancient Roman World, 2023. https://amzn.to/49L2olR Bevoor, A., Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942-1943, 1999. https://amzn.to/4a4rqwe Beevor, A., The Second World War, 2013. https://amzn.to/3wNFITu Brennan, P+D., Gettysburg in Color, 2022. https://amzn.to/48LGldG Clausewitz, C., On War, 2010. https://amzn.to/3Vblf5 Kaushik, R., A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: 10,000 BCE–1500 CE, 2021. https://amzn.to/49Mtqt7 McPherson, J., Battle Cry of Freedom, The Civil War Era, 2021. https://amzn.to/3TseYAW Tsu, S., The Art of War, 2007, https://amzn.to/3TuknHA Sledge. E. B., With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa, 2008. https://amzn.to/439olIK Pomerantsev, P., How to Win an Information War, 2024. https://amzn.to/3Ts0YqQ Bibliography: Davies, Brian L., “The Polotsk Campaigns of Ivan IV and Stefan Bathory. The Development of Military Art During the Livonian War,” in Baltiiskii vopros v XV-XVI (2010), pp. 106-120. Davies, Brian L., Guliai-Gorod, Wagenburg, And Tabor Tactics, in: idem (ed.), Warfare in Eastern Europe 1500-1800, pp. 93-108. Davies, Brian L., Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500-1700, London/New York 2007. Dunning, Chester S. L., A Short History of Russia’s First Civil War. The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty, Pennsylvania 2004. Fletcher, Giles, Russia at the close of the Sixteenth Century. Comprising, the treatise ‘Of the Russe Common Wealth,’ and The Travels of Sir Jerome Horsey, Knt., now for the first time printed entire from his own manuscript, London 1856. Guillaume le Vasseur, Sieur de Beauplan, A Description of Ukraine, trans. Andrew Pernal and Dennis Essar, Cambridge 1993. Kortepeter, Carl M., The Relations between the Crimean Tatars and the Ottoman Empire, 1578-1608, with Special Reference to the Role of Ğazı Giray Khan, London 1962 (Thesis). Perjes, Geza, Army Provisioning, Logistics, and Strategy in the Second Half of the 17th Century, in: Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 16 (1970). </video> <video> How to Lay Siege to a Polygonal Fortress in the 18th and 19th Centuries Description: Black Friday sale: up to 55% off using my code SANDRHOMAN at checkout - https://partner.ekster.com/sandrhomanhistory At the end of the 17th century, conquering fortresses became increasingly easy. This was because the chief engineer of Louis XIV of France, the Marquis de Vauban, had created an almost infallible siege method that rendered the star fortress—the gold standard of fortress defense—increasingly useless. To address this problem, engineers and tacticians devised a new system of defense in the 18th and 19th centuries: the polygonal fortress. With this fortification, the centuries-old struggle between defense and attack entered the next round. Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/sandrhomanhistory Paypal (thank you: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/SandRhomanhistory Twitter: https://twitter.com/Sandrhoman Chapters: 00:00-00:35 Intro 00:35-01:32 Sponsor 01:32-3:47 The Rise and Fall of the Star Fortress 03:47-06:40 The Polygonal Fortress 06:40-10:20 Four Alternatives to the Formal Siege 10:20-19:21 Formal Siege Some must read mlitary history books: Ambrose, S. E., Band of Brothers: E Company, 2001. https://amzn.to/438ltvZ Baime, A. J., The Accidental President: Harry S. Truman, 2017. https://amzn.to/3TcDGUj Beard, M., Emperor of Rome: Ruling the Ancient Roman World, 2023. https://amzn.to/49L2olR Bevoor, A., Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942-1943, 1999. https://amzn.to/4a4rqwe Beevor, A., The Second World War, 2013. https://amzn.to/3wNFITu Brennan, P+D., Gettysburg in Color, 2022. https://amzn.to/48LGldG Clausewitz, C., On War, 2010. https://amzn.to/3Vblf5 Kaushik, R., A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: 10,000 BCE–1500 CE, 2021. https://amzn.to/49Mtqt7 McPherson, J., Battle Cry of Freedom, The Civil War Era, 2021. https://amzn.to/3TseYAW Tsu, S., The Art of War, 2007, https://amzn.to/3TuknHA Sledge. E. B., With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa, 2008. https://amzn.to/439olIK Pomerantsev, P., How to Win an Information War, 2024. https://amzn.to/3Ts0YqQ Bibliography Black, J., Fortifications and Siegecraft. Defense and Attack through the Ages, Lanham/Boulder/New York/London 2018. Du Boys de Riocour, M., Histoire de la Ville et des deux Sièges de La Mothe, Bourmont 1841. Duffy, Ch., The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660, London 1979. Duffy, Ch., The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great 1660-1789, London 1985. Duffy, Ch., Fire and Stone. The Science of Fortress Warfare 1660-1860, New York 1975. Hogg, Ian V., Fortress: A History of Military Defense, London 1975. Hoppe, S., s.v. Festungsbau, in: Enzyklopädie der Neuzeit. Kinard, J., Artillery. An Illustrated History of Its Impact, Santa Barbara 2007. Lynn, J. A., Giant of the Grand Siecle. The French Army 1610-1715, Cambridge 1997. Lynn, J. A., States in Conflict 1661-1763, in: Parker, G. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Warfare, Cambridge 2005. Lynn, J. A., The trace itallienne and the Growth of Armies, in: Rogers, C. J. (Ed.), The Military Revolution Debate. Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe, Boulder / San Francisco / Oxford 1995. Neumann, H., Festungsbau-Kunst und -Technik, Bonn 2004. Ortenburg, G., Waffe und Waffengebrauch im Zeitalter der Landsknechte (Heerwesen der Neuzeit, Abt. 1, Bd. 1) Koblenz 1984. Ostwald, J., Vauban under Siege. Engineering Efficiency and Martial Vigor in the War of the Spanish Succession, Leiden/Boston 2007. Unterberger, L., Tagebuch der Belagerung und Bombardirung der französischen Festung Valenciennes 1793, Vienna 1815. Van Nimwegen, O., The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588-1688. Vauban, Sebastien le Prestre de, A Manual of Siegecraft and Fortification, trans. G.A. Rothrock, Ann Arbor 1968. </video> <video> Soldiers of Fortune: The German Great Company Description: Use code sandrhomanhistory at the link below to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan: https://incogni.com/sandrhomanhistory This is the story of how a band of German mercenaries ran an Italy-wide protection racket, always selling their services to the highest bidders and eventually entering the pay of a Hungarian king to invade southern Italy. Founded and led by the infamous Werner of Urslingen, the self-proclaimed “enemy of god”, the German Great Company was one of the most sought-after, feared, and admired mercenary companies of renaissance Italy. Patreon (thank you): https://www.patreon.com/sandrhomanhistory Paypal (thank you: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/SandRhomanhistory Twitter: https://twitter.com/Sandrhoman Bibliography: Bronner, F. X., Abenteuerliche Geschichte Herzog Werners von Urslingen, Aarau, 1828. Caferro, W., John Hawkwood. An English Mercenary in Fourteenth-Century Italy, 2006. Caferro, W., s. v. Meleto, battle of, in: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, 2010. Clauss, M., Ludwig IV. – der Bayer. Herzog, König, Kaiser, 2014. Dall’Oro,G., Les mercenaires dans les campagnes napolitaines de Louis le Grand, Roi de Hongrie, 1347–1350, In: John France, Mercenaries and Paid Men, The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages (History of Warfare, Volume: 47), pp. 61–88. Mallet, M., Mercenaries and their Masters, 1974. Graf, R., s. v. Bronner, Franz Xaver, in: Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz. Schubring, K., Die Herzoge von Urslingen, Bamberg, Rodenbusch, 1972. Schütz, A., "Ludwig" in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 15 (1987), S. 334-347 [Online-Version]; URL: https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118574957.html#ndbcontent Selzer, S., s. v. Konrad von Landau, in: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, 2010. Selzer, S., s. v. Werner of Urslingen, in: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, 2010. Selzer, S. Deutsche Söldner im Italien des Trecento, 2001. Petrovics, I., s. v. Louis I, in: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, 2010. Poten, B., von, "Urslingen, Werner Herzog von" in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 39 (1895), S. 372-374 [Online-Version]; URL: https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd139112510.html#adbcontent Zäch, A., Bronner, Franz Xaver. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 2, 1955. </video>

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Description

We want to entertain people with history which is entertaining, visually pleasing and grounded in scholarship at the same time.

Our golden rules:
1) We only use academic sources and always try to stick to the consensus opinion.
2) We always list our sources in description of our videos.
3) We make clear when we deviate from the prior two rules.

Education: Between the two of us we hold two Master's degrees in history from the university of Bern and one degree as a history teacher from the Bern University of Teacher Education. Both of us worked at the University of Bern as teaching assistants.

We wrote an article about our experience as content creators (ed. by Dr. Kilian Baur and Robert Trautmannsberger): https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110792898-005/html

We also held a few talks about our journey on YouTube at the universities of Eichstätt, Fribourg and Zürich.

We taught a seminar about history on YouTube at the University of Zurich in spring of 2024.

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