Channel Title: Video Journal and Encyclopedia of GI Endoscopy Channel Description: "Video Journal and Encyclopedia of GI Endoscopy" (VJGIEN) from Elsevier provides medical professionals and students with video demonstrations of endoscopic findings, procedural footage, case studies etc. and offers a completely new way of presenting the work of GI experts. VJGIEN consists of two parts: Video Encyclopedia and Video Journal. Video Encyclopedia: groundbreaking, clinical reference with high educational value. Distinguished experts from all over the world share their insights and experience regarding GI Endoscopy procedures. All 253 encyclopedic videos you can find here on YouTube! New uploads with each new issue! Video Journal: All the video content published in the VJGIEN Video Journal focuses on the latest cutting-edge endoscopic techniques, scientific results and clinical cases. The Video Journal publishes 4 issues a year. Subscribe to the channel and stay tuned! For more videos or information about submissions, please visit our websites listed below. <video> Endoscopic Therapy of Refractory Post-Papillotomy Bleeding - Electrocautery Forceps Coagulation Description: Abstract: The overall risk of clinically significant post-papillotomy bleeding is 1--4%, most of them manifest as a delayed hemorrhage 2--5 days after ERCP. Injection method with diluted epinephrine is the standard first line therapy of endoscopic hemostasis in these patients. In therapy resistant cases endoscopic hemocliping is effective, but optimal positioning of the hemoclips is difficult and sometimes impossible. Thermal coagulation method with coagulation forceps combined with prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting could be an alternative in these cases. Patients and methods We present 2 cases of recurrent post-papillotomy bleeding, both were detected in 1--6 days after the successful ERCP and EST. Standard endoscopic therapy with local injection of diluted epinephrine and/or application of hemoclips were ineffective. As a second line endoscopic therapy we used thermal coagulation of the bleeding vessels with coagulation forceps similarly to ESD. At the time of the thermal coagulation a 5F, 3--5 cm prophylactic pancreatic stent was applied to prevent pancreatitis. Results We achieved complete hemostasis in all patients without signs of further rebleeding or need for surgery. None of our patients developed post-procedure pancreatitis or perforation. Prophylactic pancreatic stents were safely removed after a few days. Conclusion We presented a new, effective and safe second line endoscopic hemostatic method in patients with therapy resistant post-papillotomy bleeding. Combination of prophylactic pancreatic stenting and thermal coagulation with coagulation forceps might be suggested as a rescue treatment in patients with severe post-papillotomy bleeding, resistant to standard endoscopic therapy. READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON OUR OPEN ACCESS VIDEO JOURNAL & ENCYCLOPEDIA HERE: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212097113000411 Keywords ERCP; ERCP complications; Post-papillotomy bleeding; Thermal coagulation; Electrocautery coagulation; Coagulation forceps; Video </video> <video> Aortoenteric Fistula Description: Abstract: Aortoenteric fistula is a communication between the aorta and adjacent bowel. It is rare, potentially fatal, and is difficult to diagnose and manage. These patients often present with a “herald bleed,” followed by massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Patient and methods A 67 year old man presented with right upper quadrant pain, hematochezia and hypotension. Two months ago, the patient underwent elective open repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. On upper endoscopy, fresh blood and adherent clots were seen in the third/fourth portion of the duodenum. After some of the clots were gently washed off with water flushing, a fistula opening was seen on posterior superior wall of the duodenum. The fistula opening was surrounded by edematous duodenal mucosal. An aortoenteric fistula was highly suspected and the patient went to emergent laparotomy. Results During surgery, significant inflammation was noted surrounding the aorta with friable tissues of the aorta itself. A definite aortoenteric fistula was seen arising in the native aorta. Unfortunately, the patient expired due to cardiac vascular collapse. Conclusions Diagnosis of aortoenteric fistula requires a high index of suspicion and careful history-taking. Endoscopic findings include adherent clots or bleeding at the fistula opening and/or eroded vascular graft or stent into the bowel. Authors Shou-Jiang Tanga, Srikrishna Patnanaa, Ruonan Wub, Andrew Rivardb, READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON OUR OPEN ACCESS VIDEO JOURNAL & ENCYCLOPEDIA HERE: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212097114000314 Keywords Endoscopy; Duodenum; Gastrointestinal bleeding; Aortoenteric fistula; Computed tomography; Abdominal aortic aneurysm; Video </video> <video> Intestinal Metaplasia of the Stomach Description: Abstract: Intestinal metaplasia (IM) of the stomach is associated with a very small increased risk of developing gastric cancer. Endoscopic surveillance has been proposed and advocated for populations at risk. Risk factors for IM include Helicobacter pylori infection, high salt intake, smoking, alcohol consumption, and chronic bile reflux. IM tends to appear initially at the antrum--corpus junction, especially at the gastric angularis. As atrophy and metaplastic changes advance, they extend to the antrum and corpus. Gastric IM is categorized histopathologically into incomplete and complete types. Patients with incomplete IM should undergo endoscopic gastric mapping to define the extent of IM and rule out dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. In this video presentation, endoscopic and pathological findings in gastric IM and gastric mapping techniques has been described. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia. READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON OUR OPEN ACCESS VIDEO JOURNAL & ENCYCLOPEDIA HERE: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212097113700785 Keywords Endoscopy; Gastric cancer; Gastric mapping; Intestinal metaplasia; Standard endoscopy; Stomach; Video </video> <video> Zollinger--Ellison Syndrome Description: Abstract: Zollinger--Ellison (ZE) syndrome is characterized by gastric acid hypersecretion and ulcer disease from autologous gastrin secretion by a gastrinoma. Patient and methods A 43 year old man underwent upper endoscopy for a 6 week history of recurrent nausea, vomiting, heartburn, weight loss, and watery diarrhea. Results Endoscopic findings included severe reflux esophagitis with multiple linear esophageal ulcerations, thickened gastric folds with mosaic pattern mucosa, distinctive gastric corpus and antrum junction, numerous antral erosions with traces of coffee ground substance, bulbar erosions and ulcerations, and post-bulbar erosions and ulcerations. Based on these symptoms and endoscopic findings, a gastrinoma work-up was instituted and the diagnosis was confirmed. Conclusions Endoscopists need to be aware of the classical symptoms and clinical findings associated with ZE syndrome in order to appropriately diagnose and manage affected patients. READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON OUR OPEN ACCESS VIDEO JOURNAL & ENCYCLOPEDIA HERE: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212097113000459 Keywords Gastrinoma; Zollinger--Ellison syndrome; Endoscopy; Gastrin; Ulceration; Video; ulcer disease </video> <video> Diversion Colitis Description: Abstract: Diversion colitis (DC) involves nonspecific colonic inflammation following surgical diversion of the fecal stream away from the upstream colon. Although most patients are asymptomatic, endoscopic evidence of DC can be found in the majority of patients after diversion. Clinical symptoms include abdominal pain or discomfort, tenemus, and rectal bleeding and discharge. Endoscopically, mucosal edema, erythema, friability, erosions or ulcerations, exudates, and mucosal nodularity can be observed. Histopathologically, diffuse inflammation, crypt architectural abnormalities, crypt abscesses or atrophy, and lymphoid follicular hyperplasia can be seen. The colonic inflammation is generally mild and limited to the mucosa. The pathogenesis of DC is unclear. Restoring the fecal stream to the affected colon segment reverses DC. Conservative treatment options, such as enemas, may offer symptomatic improvement. In this video presentation, the endoscopic and pathological findings associated with DC are described. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia. READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON OUR OPEN ACCESS VIDEO JOURNAL & ENCYCLOPEDIA HERE: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212097113701389 Keywords Colon; Diversion colitis; Endoscopy; Short-chain fatty acids; Surgery; Video </video> <video> Surveillance of Non-neoplastic Barrett׳s Esophagus and Application of the Prague-Classification Description: Abstract: Barrett׳s Esophagus (BE) is an important premalignant condition that predisposes to adenocarcinoma and there is evidence that the extent of the Barrett׳s segment correlates with the risk of malignancy. The extent of the endoscopic findings is described by the Prague classification using the Prague C & M criteria (C is the circumferential length and M is the maximal length). The purpose of these criteria is to simplify and standardize endoscopic characterization of the extent and length of BE. Authors Mate Knabe, Jürgen Pohl READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON OUR OPEN ACCESS VIDEO JOURNAL & ENCYCLOPEDIA HERE: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212097114000326 Keywords Barrett׳s esophagus; Prague-classification; Long-segment-Barrett׳s esophagus; Short segment Barrett׳s esophagus; Video </video> <video> Tumours in the Small Bowel Description: Abstract: Small bowel tumours are rare and originate from a wide variety of benign and malignant entities. Adenocarcinomas are the most frequent primary malignant small bowel tumours. Submucosal tumours like gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) or neuroendocrine tumours (NET) may show a central umbilication, pathologic vessels, bridging folds or an ulceration of the overlying mucosa. These signs help to differentiate them from harmless bulges caused by impression from outside, e.g. from other intestinal loops. Sarcomas of the small bowel are rare neoplasias with mesenchymal origin, sometimes presenting as protruding masses. Benign tumours like lipoma, fibrolipoma, fibroma, myoma, and heterotopias typically present as submucosal masses. They cannot be differentiated endoscopically from those with malignant potential as GIST or NET. Neuroendocrine carcinomas may present with diffuse infiltration, which may resemble other malignant tumours. The endoscopic appearance of small bowel lymphomas has a great variation from mass lesions to diffuse infiltrative changes. Melanoma metastases are the most frequent metastases to the small bowel. They may be hard to distinguish from other tumours when originating from an amelanotic melanoma. READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON OUR OPEN ACCESS VIDEO JOURNAL & ENCYCLOPEDIA HERE: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212097113000526 Keywords Small bowel tumours; GIST; NET; Melanoma; Lymphoma; Sarcoma; Video </video> <video> Colonic lipoma Description: Abstract: Lipomas are benign soft tissue tumors derived from mature adipocytes. The colon is the most commonly involved organ in the entire gastrointestinal tract. Most gastrointestinal tract lipomas are asymptomatic and found incidentally during endoscopy, surgery or radiological examinations. In this video, we show the typical endoscopic findings of colonic lipomas. READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON OUR OPEN ACCESS VIDEO JOURNAL & ENCYCLOPEDIA HERE: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212097113000435 Keywords Colonoscopy; Lipoma; Video </video> <video> The Morphologic Assessment of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors Description: Abstract: The histopathologic features of rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), including size, lymphovascular invasion, invasion of proper muscle, and mitotic rate, have a limited role to play in determining a treatment plan preoperatively. We aimed to investigate the morphologic parameters associated with metastasis, and to evaluate their predictive value. Methods Between January 2000 and May 2011, the medical records and endoscopic findings of 468 patients presenting with rectal NETs at the Samsung Medical Center were analyzed retrospectively. All tumors were classified according to size and endoscopic features such as color, shape, contour, and surface change. Results Twenty-one of the 468 patients (4.5%) with rectal NETs had lymph node (LN) metastasis and 11 patients (2.4%) had distant metastasis. Risk factors for metastasis included tumor size (≥10 mm in diameter), hyperemic change, polypoid lesions, irregular contours, and surface ulceration (p=0.000). Independent risk factors that were predictive of metastasis on multivariate analysis included tumor size (≥10 mm in diameter), hyperemic change, and surface ulceration. As the number of independent risk factors for metastasis increased, the risk of metastasis rose. Conclusions Endoscopic features such as hyperemic change, polypoid lesions, irregular contours, and surface ulcers with tumor size ≥10 mm in diameter are associated with metastasis in rectal NETs. In particular, atypical endoscopic features including hyperemic change, and surface ulcer with tumor size ≥10 mm in diameter may help to predict the risk of metastasis of rectal NETs. Authors Eun Ran Kim, Yun Gyoung Park, Dong Kyung Chang READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON OUR OPEN ACCESS VIDEO JOURNAL & ENCYCLOPEDIA HERE: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212097113000356 Keywords Rectal neuroendocrine tumors; Metastasis; Endoscopic features; Video </video> <video> Diagnosis of Pancreas Divisum Using Linear-Array Endosonography Description: Abstract: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is an important tool in the evaluation of idiopathic or recurrent acute pancreatitis and prior to high-risk endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), such as ampullectomy and sphincter of Oddi manometry. Linear-array EUS provides detailed imaging of the pancreas in a non-invasive manner and can accurately identify pancreas divisum in most patients. Patient and methods Linear-array EUS is used to demonstrate the normal pancreatic ductal anatomy. Three clinical cases are then presented to demonstrate the endosonographic findings in pancreas divisum. (1) A 64 year-old female with history of pancreatitis undergoes an MRI, which shows an irregular calcified area in the head/uncinate of the pancreas and pancreas divisum. (2) A 55 year-old female undergoes EUS prior to ERCP for evaluation of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Pancreas divisum is noted on EUS and later confirmed with ERCP. (3) A 50 year-old female with abdominal pain undergoes an MRI, which shows a peri-ampullary cystic structure and pancreas divisum. Results Pancreas divisum can be detected with linear EUS by the inability to follow the main pancreatic duct (PD) from the major ampulla to the body of the pancreas, or from the relatively hypoechoic ventral pancreas to the more echogenic dorsal pancreas. Often in cases of pancreas divisum, the main PD can be seen merging with the duodenal wall at the minor papilla. Conclusions Linear-array EUS is an effective way to detect pancreas divisum, which is important in the work-up of idiopathic pancreatitis and in defining pancreatic ductal anatomy prior to ERCP. Authors Ara B. Sahakian, Harry R. Aslanian READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON OUR OPEN ACCESS VIDEO JOURNAL & ENCYCLOPEDIA HERE: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212097114000302 Keywords Pancreas divisum; Linear endoscopic ultrasound; Idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis; Video </video> <video> Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Using the "Yo-Yo Technique" Description: Abstract: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been increasingly used for en bloc resection of gastrointestinal lesions. One of the main difficulties during ESD is to mobilize the partially resected lesion, leading to increased procedure time and complication rates. We developed a new "yo-yo technique", that allows a fast, cheap and easy way for, not only pulling, but also pushing the lesion during ongoing ESD. Aims To describe the feasibility and safety of the "yo-yo technique" for ESD. Procedure After marking and lifting the lesion, incision and partial dissection are performed. Then, a hemoclip is placed in the already dissected edge of the lesion. Afterwards, a conventional snare is introduced through the nose into the stomach. Using a forceps, the hemoclip is grabbed with the snare. Due to the moderate stiffness of the snare, the edge of the lesion can be pulled or pushed during ongoing ESD, independently from the endoscope's movements. This increases the visualization of the dissection plane, reducing complications rate and procedure time. Results The pull and push movements of the snare allow easier ESD with better access to the submucosal space and to the lesions' distal margins. Lesions can be successfully and safely removed and en block resection achieved using the "yoyo technique". The presence of the hemoclip in the resected specimen permits a precise anatomopathological orientation. Conclusion The "yo-yo technique" for ESD is feasible, cheap and safe allowing full mobilization of the lesion. READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON OUR OPEN ACCESS VIDEO JOURNAL & ENCYCLOPEDIA HERE: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221209711300040X Keywords Endoscopic submucosal dissection; Gastrointestinal; Neoplasia; Video </video> <video> Ligation of Esophageal Varices (Shou J. Tang) Description: Abstract: Esophageal varices are present in majority of the patients with hepatic cirrhosis at the time of diagnosis, especially in those with advanced liver disease. Variceal size, red wale marks on varices, and advanced liver disease are risk factors for variceal hemorrhage. Esophageal variceal ligation (EVL) is a standard endoscopic procedure in the management of acute variceal bleeding and is beneficial in the primary and secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding. Multiband devices are commonly used for EVL. Various endoscopic techniques, common clinical scenarios, and procedure-related complications in EVL are described in the video manuscript provided. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia. READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON OUR OPEN ACCESS VIDEO JOURNAL & ENCYCLOPEDIA HERE: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212097113700372 Keywords Band ligation; Endoscopy; Esophageal variceal ligation; Esophageal varices; Portal hypertension; Standard endoscopy; Ulceration; Video </video> <video> Small Bowel Lymphangioma Description: Abstract: Lymphangiomas are uncommon benign tumors found mainly in children. Intra-abdominal lymphangiomas are rare, mostly located in the mesentery. Small bowel lymphangiomas are very rare. Patient and methods A 38-year-old woman presented with recurrent melena and anemia. Bidirectional endoscopy was non-diagnostic. Balloon enteroscopy revealed a 1 cm actively oozing, soft, friable, polypoid lesion in the proximal-mid small bowel. The lesion was white-yellow with "strawberry" mucosal patterns. Endoscopic tattooing was performed and she underwent subsequent laparoscopic segmental small bowel resection. Results Histopathologic features were consistent with a cavernous lymphangioma. At last follow-up, the patient's gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and anemia had resolved. Conclusions Small bowel lymphangiomas can cause gross or occult GI bleeding, anemia, abdominal pain, and/or obstruction. Endoscopists should be aware of this rare tumor and its unique endoscopic features. The optimal treatment is radical excision, since incomplete resection may lead to recurrence. Argon plasma coagulation or polypectomy have been used to achieve endoscopic ablation and palliation of GI bleeding. READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON OUR OPEN ACCESS VIDEO JOURNAL & ENCYCLOPEDIA HERE: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212097113000502 Keywords Small bowel; Lymphangioma; Endoscopy; Gastrointestinal bleeding; Balloon enteroscopy; Video </video> <video> Endoscopic partial sphincterotomy coupled with large balloon papilla dilation Description: Abstract: Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) was introduced in the 80 s as an alternative for treatment of biliary lithiasis in order to minimize complications related to biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) and to preserve sphincter mechanism. However it could not gain wide acceptance because of high incidence of post procedural pancreatitis compared to ES alone. In 2003, endoscopic large balloon papillary dilation (ELPBD) coupled with ES, has been proposed as an alternative to lithotripsy for treatment of giant or difficult calculi of the common bile duct. Since then, several studies have evaluated the efficacy of such approach, however in the absence of clear instructions about indications, technique's standardization, morbidity rate and long-term results this procedure has not yet gained wide use. In this report we describe our technique of partial endoscopic sphincterotomy plus large papillary balloon dilation in the treatment of common bile duct and cystic duct macro-lithiasis. According to our clinical experience, we would like to focus on the technical points that have to be respected in order to reduce procedure's complications and to achieve successful clinical results We conclude that endoscopic partial sphincterotomy plus large papillary balloon dilation seems a promising, effective and safe approach to treat giant extrahepatic biliary calculi, if performed after correct patient selection and under established guidelines. READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON OUR OPEN ACCESS VIDEO JOURNAL & ENCYCLOPEDIA HERE: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212097113000423 Keywords Biliary stone; Endoscopic sphincterotomy; Papilla dilation; Giant stone; Sphincteroplasty; Choledocholithiasis; Video </video> <video> Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy /pull method/ and Jejunal Extension Tube Placement Description: Abstract: Enteral feeding should be considered for patients with an intact and functional gastrointestinal tract. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy /PEG/ tube placement is indicated in patients requiring medium to long term enteral feeding /30 days/ and with impaired swallowing. Patients and methods In this video manuscript, we demonstrate the complete PEG procedure (pull method) in a 65 year old patient and placement of PEG jejunal extension tube in another patient who needed post-pyloric enteral feeding. Conclusions PEG-pull method is the most widely used PEG technique. Appropriate patient selection, timing of the procedure, informed consent, antibiotic prophylaxis, adequate endoscopic air insufflation during PEG site selection, and optimal PEG site localization are the keys in this procedure. Authors Shou-jiang Tang, Ruonan Wu READ THE FULL ARTICLE ON OUR OPEN ACCESS VIDEO JOURNAL & ENCYCLOPEDIA HERE: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212097114000284 Keywords Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy; Pull method; Endoscopy; Enteral feeding; Jejunal extension tube; Enteral nutrition; Video </video>

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"Video Journal and Encyclopedia of GI Endoscopy" (VJGIEN) from Elsevier provides medical professionals and students with video demonstrations of endoscopic findings, procedural footage, case studies etc. and offers a completely new way of presenting the work of GI experts.
VJGIEN consists of two parts: Video Encyclopedia and Video Journal.

Video Encyclopedia: groundbreaking, clinical reference with high educational value. Distinguished experts from all over the world share their insights and experience regarding GI Endoscopy procedures. All 253 encyclopedic videos you can find here on YouTube! New uploads with each new issue!

Video Journal: All the video content published in the VJGIEN Video Journal focuses on the latest cutting-edge endoscopic techniques, scientific results and clinical cases. The Video Journal publishes 4 issues a year.

Subscribe to the channel and stay tuned!

For more videos or information about submissions, please visit our websites listed below.

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